Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

#NUR1447 > 📝 Cells, Tissues and Skin > Flashcards

📝 Cells, Tissues and Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are features common to all cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus (except RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The watery space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does cytoplasm contain?

A

Cytosol (ICF)
Organelles
Solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Cytoplasm
Attached to rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Packages and exports the proteins produced by the attached ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Synthesises lipids, cholesterol and steroid based hormones
Involved in detoxification
Stores calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Modifies, concentrated and packages proteins and lipids for export

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Digests biological material including proteins and cell debris and recycles molecules
Dispose of invading bacteria, viruses and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Sweep in a wave like manner to move material across the surface of them (i.e. respiratory tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

They are tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell (i.e. interstines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that are not embedded in the membrane and can instead float free. The act as membrane support, enzymes or can have motor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Embedded proteins that span the entire membrane that act as enzymes or receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two classes of integral proteins?

A

Channel
Carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of channel proteins?

A

Leakage
Gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of molecules do channel proteins allow through?

A

Small, lipid-insoluble substances (Na+, K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of integral protein changes shape to allow a molecule through?

A

Carrier protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of molecules do carrier proteins allow through?

A

Lipid insoluble molecules or substances too large to use channel proteins (i.e. glucose, amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors affect the rate of movement of molecules?

A

Concentration gradient
Size of substance
TemperatureW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 types of transport across a membrane?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of transport requires energy (ATP)?

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What types of molecules can use simple diffusion?

A

Lipid soluble or very small susbtances (such as O2, CO2, fats, steroid hormones and alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What types of molecules can use facilitated diffusion?

A

Large or lipid insoluble substances (like glucose, Na+ and K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which type(s) of transport follows the concentration gradient down?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the name of the channel protein that water can use?

A

Aquaporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which type(s) of transport goes against the concentration gradient ?

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of proteins does active transport use?

A

Carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of transport does glucose use?

A

Facilitated diffusion (via carrier protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens to RBCs in a isotonic solution?

A

Cells retain their normal size and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?

A

Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is potential energy?

A

energy that is stored ready to be release and used to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Potential energy/voltage that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating opposite charges by the plasma membrane

36
Q

Is Na or K found in higher concentration outside the cell?

A

Na

37
Q

Is Na or K found in higher concentration inside the cell?

A

K

38
Q

How does Na get into a cell?

A

Facilitated diffusion via leakage channel

39
Q

Does Na or K have more leakage channels in the plasma membrane?

A

K

40
Q

Explain why the ECF is slightly more positive than the ICF?

A

Since there are more K channels than Na, K is able to leak out of the cell faster than Na can come in. Therefore, there is more positive molecules in the ECF than the ICF

41
Q

How is the resting membrane potential maintained?

A

The active transport of ions using carrier protein called the Na/K ATPas pump to stop the ions reaching equilibrium

42
Q

What is the average voltage of the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

43
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

Epithelium
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

44
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

45
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Temperature regulation
Excretion
Metabolism
Blood reservoir
Sensation

46
Q

How does epithelial tissue receive oxygen and nutrients?

A

Diffusion from connective tissue

47
Q

What is the most abundant tissue type?

A

Connective tissue

48
Q

What type of tissue is adipose tissue?

A

Connective

49
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Connective

50
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective

51
Q

What is the major contributor to the structure of connective tissue?

A

The large amounts of extracellular matrix

52
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and protein fibers

53
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

Unstructured material that fills space between cells and contains protein fibres

54
Q

What are protein fibres?

A

Fibres that can have high tensile strength to resist twisting and pulling like Collagen or long and thin to allow stretch and recoil like elastic fibres

55
Q

What are the specialised cells in the CT proper?

A

Fibroblasts and fibrocytes

56
Q

What are the specialised cells in the cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

57
Q

What are the specialised cells in the bone?

A

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

58
Q

What are the specialised cells in the blood?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells and erythrocytes

59
Q

What suffix do mature cells have?

A

‘cyte’

60
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

61
Q

Which type of connective tissue includes adipose tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper

62
Q

Does cartilage tissue have nervous or blood suply?

A

No, neither

63
Q

How many of the primary tissue types are found in skin?

A

All four

64
Q

Which part of the skin includes epithelial tissue?

A

Epidermis and dermis (glands)

65
Q

Which part of the skin includes connective tissue?

A

Dermis and hypodermis

66
Q

Which part of the skin includes muscle tissue?

A

Dermis (blood vessels and arrector pilli muscles)

67
Q

Which part of the skin includes nervous tissue?

A

All layers

68
Q

What are the three major layers of skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

69
Q

Which layer of skin is avascular?

A

Epidermis

70
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum

71
Q

What is the most deep layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

72
Q

Which later of the epidermis contains stem cells?

A

Stratum basale

73
Q

What is cutaneous membrane?

A

Skin, exposed to air and is dry

74
Q

What is mucous membranes?

A

Line body cavities that are open to the outside. Found in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Considered wet due to secretions

75
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

line closed ventral body cavities. Secretes a clear serous fluid to lubricate surface. Wet membranes that are not exposed to the outside

76
Q

What are the three stages of tissue repair?

A

Inflammation
Organisation (proliferation)
Maturation (remodelling)

77
Q

What is the function of the inflammation stage of wound repair?

A

prepares the wound for repair, eliminates invading microorganisms and removes debris and dead tissue

78
Q

What is the function of the organisation stage of wound repair?

A

Extracellular matric synthesis including collagen and restore blood supply

79
Q

What is the function of the maturation stage of wound repair?

A

Complete permanent skin repair by regeneration and fibrosis

80
Q

What happens during the inflammation stage of wound repair?

A

Damaged cells release cytokines that cause inflammation which makes the blood vessels more permeable and attracts macrophages and platelets to the area. Macrophages engulf debris and platelets produce a blood clot

81
Q

What happens during the inflammation stage of wound repair?

A

Macrophages break down the blood clot which is replaced by granulation tissue which is composed of capillaries, fibroblasts and macrophages. Epithelial stem cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue

82
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts during wound repair?

A

Produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap

83
Q

What happens during the maturation stage of wound repair?

A

Collagen pulls the wound together. Granulation tissue is replaced with scar tissue through fibrosis. If there are stem cells present, regeneration occurs where the epidermis is repaired to full function

84
Q

How is scar tissue different to normal tissue?

A

Avascular, tough and no elasticity or flexibility. No hair, sweat or oil glands

85
Q

What needs to be present for the epidermis to regenerate itself?

A

Stem cells

#NUR1447 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions