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Biology: B2 > Cells, tissues and organs. > Flashcards

Cells, tissues and organs. Flashcards

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1
Q

In which part of the cell is energy released during respiration?

A

The mitochondria (aerobic respiration)

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm in a cell?

A

Where many chemical reactions take place.

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3
Q

Name common structures of an animal/plant cells.

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.

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4
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Is where protein synthesis takes place.

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5
Q

3 features of a plant or algal not found in animal cells.

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with sap.

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6
Q

what does a cell membrane do?

A

It controls the movements of materials in and out of the cell.

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7
Q

Does bacteria have a nucleus?

A

No

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8
Q

Where is the genetic material stored in bacteria?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What is a colony of bacteria?

A

It is bacteria that has reproduced enough to be seen by the naked eye. (In a spot/group)

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10
Q

What is yeast?

A

A single celled organism. (different form plant and animal cells.)

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11
Q

How big are bacteria cells?

A

Much smaller than plant and animal cells.

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12
Q

What are yeast cells main features?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane surrounded by a cell wall.

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13
Q

If a cell has many mitochondria it must need…?

A

…a lot of energy. e.g muscle and sperm cells.

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14
Q

If a cell has many ribosomes it is…?

A

…making a lot of protein. e.g. gland cells which produce enzymes.

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15
Q

What is the meaning of specialised cells?

A

Cells which are adapted/changed/set out to carry out a particular function. e.g. fat cells, root hair cells and sperm cells.

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16
Q

Neurons are WHAT? to carry impulses from receptors to the CNS.

A

specialised.

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17
Q

Why do muscles need a lot of mitochondria?

A

Because they need lots of energy.

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18
Q

3 organs - human digestive system.

A

Salivary gland, pancreas stomach liver and small/large intestine.

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19
Q

Liver digestion chemical?

A

bile.

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20
Q

Diff between plant & yeast cell.

A

leaf cells have chloroplast and cellulose cell wall while yeast does not.

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21
Q

Diffusion in gas and liquid?

A

Movement from high to low concentration.

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22
Q

Differentiation of cells?

A

Cell=Divide similar, tissues develop cells change to from particular cells with particular functions.

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23
Q

Leaf cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Leaf has mesophyll tissue which contain chloroplasts which can photosynthesize.

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24
Q

stages of food passing through digestive system?

A

1: Digestive juices produced by glands
2: Digested in stomach and small intestine
3: Bile produced by the liver.
4: Small intestine absorbs soluble food
5: Water absorbed by large intestine.

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25
Q

leaf solution used for testing starch?

A

Iodine solution

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26
Q

Results for testing w/ iodine for starch

A

regions containing starch will turn blue/black otherwise yellow.

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27
Q

word equation Photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water –>(light energy) glucose + oxygen.

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28
Q

3 physical factors affect distribution of plants?

A

Temperature, availability of nutrients and water.

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29
Q

terms limiting factor in photosynthesis ?

A

light, temperature and carbon dioxide.

30
Q

Use quadrat to make line transect?

A

Marked between 2 points, then quadrat is placed regualr intervals along line. 1

31
Q

Reproducible results?

A

Repeated by another person or using different equipment while same results are taken.

32
Q

2 factors that can altor the shape of enzymes

A

temp and ph

33
Q

where is amylase produced?

A

salvitary glands, pancreas and small intestine

34
Q

What are the products of lipid (fat) digestion?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

35
Q

what acid is produced in the stomach?

A

hydrocloric acid

36
Q

what is the function of bile?

A

it neutralises acid from the stomach

37
Q

why proteases used in baby food?

A

protease predigests protein so the baby can absorb it more easysily

38
Q

2 types of reactions controlled by enzymes

A
  1. builds large molecules from small ones

2. breaks down big molecules to small

39
Q

why increase temp = increase rate of reaction?

A

molecule have more energy, move faster and collide often

40
Q

+/- enzymes in industry

A

less energy use(+) but expensive equipment(-)

41
Q

biological washing powders work more efficiently?

A

enzymes speed digestion of stains from food blood and grass+ lower tempo wash

42
Q

what does aerobic mean?

A

using oxygen.

43
Q

anaerobic mean?

A

not using oxygen.

44
Q

muscle cells need more of during exercise?

A

energy

45
Q

2 waste products of aerobic respiration?

A

carbon dioxide and water

46
Q

substance stored in muscles which can b converted to glucose?

A

glycogen

47
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose+oxygen–> carbon dioxide+water(+energy)

48
Q

why do muscles become tired during exercise?

A

lactic acid build up

49
Q

changes occur to breathing and heart rate during excise?

A

increases

50
Q

blood vessels dilate during exercise

A

because supplies more energy( increase blood supply to produce oxygen and glucose and remove CO2)

51
Q

oxygen debt=?

A

amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid produced in aerobic respiration.

52
Q

cells divide by mitosis because?

A

to produce identical cells for growth and replace them.

53
Q

how many chromosomes in humans?

A

23 pairs or 46

54
Q

which type of cell division produces sex cells?

A

Meiosis

55
Q

what molecule are genes made of?

A

DNA

56
Q

what are alleles?

A

different forms of gene

57
Q

why does sexual reproduction result in variation?

A

genetic material is brought together when sperm&egg nuclei fuse.

58
Q

asexual reproduction are genetically the same because?

A

(produced by mitosis) because the offspring have only one parent

59
Q

term genotype?

A

type of genes present in the cells.

60
Q

meant by heterozygous individual?

A

the individual has one dominant and one recessive allele for a condition.

61
Q

what r the chances of a child having polydactyly if 1 parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessive?

A

50% inheriting allele from the heterozygous parent

Think 0 and crosses chart

62
Q

how old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion yrs

63
Q

when did life begin on earth

A

3.5 billions yrs

64
Q

how r fossils dated?

A

date the rocks so fossils r the same age as the rocks they’re preserved in.

65
Q

why r there no fossils of the early life forms

A

they were soft bodied

66
Q

smallest way to say 3 billion?

A

3x10^9

67
Q

how new competitor cause an extinction of a species?

A

by too little left to eat

68
Q

2 ways people can cause the extinction of some species?

A

by hunting them for food or removing habitats through pollution or by introducing by disease.

69
Q

2 main theories for extinction of dinosaurs?

A

sea ice melting reducing c temp by 9 degrees and giant asteroid.

70
Q

meant by geographical isolation?

A

2 populations become divided by e.g. a river or mountain division created

71
Q

stages of speciation?

A

reference to isolation of 2 groups, there is genetic variation in the 2 populations and alleles r selected which gives an advantage and interbreeding is no longer possible.

Biology: B2 (1 decks)

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