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human bio > cells, tissues and metabolism > Flashcards

cells, tissues and metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

the ‘building blocks’ that make up all organisms.

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • surrounds the cell

- selectively permeable lipid membrane that controls which substances enter and leave the cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • thick fluid that fills the inside of the cell
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4
Q

Organelles

A
  • structures suspended in the cytoplasm which carry out different tasks
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5
Q

Cytosol

A
  • the liquid part of the cytoplasm
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6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • the internal scaffolding of protein fibres within the cytoplasm
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7
Q

Organisation of a human

A

atom > molecules > organelles > cells > tissue > organ > systems > multi-cellular organism (human)

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8
Q

structure of a cell membrane

A
  • is a bi-lipid layer, which is two layers of fat molecules
  • phospholipid head, hydrophile, point outward
  • phospholipid tail, hydrophobic, point inward
  • selectively permeable (only certain substances can pass)
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9
Q

channel protein

A

allows small molecules to travel in and out of the cell

- eg: water

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10
Q

receptor proteins

A

sends messages to the cell when a molecule attaches to the protein.

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11
Q

recognition protein

A
  • allows the cells the body to be recognised by the immune system
  • if not recognised, ‘killer T cells’ destroy
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12
Q

carrier proteins

A
  • carry molecules and larger molecules in and out of the cell
  • eg: glucose
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13
Q

fluid mosaic model

A
  • there is a bi-lipid layer in which protein and other molecules are embedded
  • constantly moving and changing position
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14
Q

concentration/diffusion gradient

A

difference of the con. of particles is high in one area and lower in another

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15
Q

passive transport

A
  • no energy
  • high to low con.
  • particles diffuse down the con. gradient until they are evenly spread out
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16
Q

active transport

A
  • requires energy
  • low to high con.
  • diffuses up the con. gradient until they are evenly spread out
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17
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • through channel protein:
  • small water-soluble molecules: Na, Ca, Cl, H2O
  • through lipid layer:
  • alcohol, steroids, fatty acids
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18
Q

carrier mediated transport

A
  • through carrier protein
  • proteins are specific (glucose carriers won’t carry other sugars)
  • can be saturated (attached to the carrier protein)
  • activity is regulated by hormones
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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • requires no energy
  • the molecule is transported when it attaches to a binding site on the carrier protein.
  • carrier protein changes shape and is released on the other side of the membrane.
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20
Q

where does active transport occur

A
  • through carrier protein
  • occurs the same way as facilitated diffusion (attachment)
  • move against the con, gradient
  • requires energy
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21
Q

osmosis

A
  • passive process
  • movement of water molecules from an area of high water con. solution to an area of low water con. across a SPM
  • osmosis stops when there is an equal amount of water molecules on each side of the SPM
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22
Q

vesicular transport

A
  • active transport

- exocytosis and endocytosis

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23
Q

exocytosis

A
  • when substances are transported out of the cell through a vesicle.
  • they move close to the cell membrane where they rupture and release their contents into the surrounding tissue fluid
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24
Q

endocytosis

A
  • when substances are taken into the cells and enclosed in a vesicle
  • phagocytosis – solids
  • pinocytosis – liquids
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25
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF TRSNSPORT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE

A
  1. Con. gradients: if the con. gradient is really high on the outside of the cell, and really low con on the inside then they transport much faster across the cell membrane
  2. Surface area to volume ration: the larger surface area to volume ratio the faster substances can get into the cell. Smaller objects have a larger surface area to volume ratio then larger objects
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26
Q

hypotonic

A
  • low con.
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27
Q

isotonic

A
  • same con.

- level amount of con. in both sides of the SPM

28
Q

hypertonic

A
  • higher con.
29
Q

hypotonic solutions

A
  • when an isotonic cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, water will enter the cell (osmosis) and the cell will swell and burst.
30
Q

isotonic solutions

A
  • in an isotonic environment, the con. of solute and water are equal on both sides of the membrane
31
Q

hypertonic solutions

A
  • if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell (osmosis), and the cell will shrink.
32
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  • Muscular tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Connective tissue
33
Q

muscular tissue

A
  • skeletal muscle: muscles attached to bone, voluntary control over these muscles
  • smooth (involuntary) muscle: we cannot contract voluntarily, found in walls of the stomach and intestines, walls of blood vessels, etc.
  • cardiac muscle: heart muscle, pumps blood, involuntary control
34
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • all of the inside and outside lining and covering the body is made up of epithelium
  • organs: heart, kidneys, intestines, liver, and lungs
  • highly structured
35
Q

connective tissue

A
  • provides support for the body and helps to hold all the body parts together
  • can be separated by non-cellular material called matrix
  • includes bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and fat storage tissue
  • blood is often classified as connective tissue
36
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • made up of neurons

- sends electrical and chemical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord

37
Q

cell metabolism

A

all of the chemical (rxns) reactions that occur in the body

38
Q

two main chemical reactions occurring:

A
  • catabolic reactions: break down into smaller molecules to release energy
  • anabolic reactions: build up to form larger molecules by consuming energy
39
Q

substrate

A

a molecule either getting attached or snapped by the enzyme

40
Q

active site

A

region that interacts with the substrate

41
Q

lock and key model

A
  • anabolic reaction catalysed by an enzyme as energy is being consumed bc bonds are being made
  • enzymes are specific to substrates
  • enzymes have active sites, where substrate can interact
42
Q

induced fit

A

when an enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate dues to co-enzymes and co-factors

43
Q

enzymes

A
  • biological catalysts made of proteins

- provides an alternative pathway for chemical rxns to proceed that require less energy

44
Q

co-factors

A
  • are minerals (non-protein part of the enzyme)

- change the shape of the enzyme/active site, allowing the substrate to form the enzyme substrate complex

45
Q

co-enzymes

A
  • are vitamins (vitamin B)

- similar role as co-factors

46
Q

7 factors affecting enzyme activity

A
  • con. of enzyme
  • pH levels (alkaline/acid)
  • temperature
  • co-factors
  • con. of substrate
  • products must be continually removed
  • enzyme inhibitors: competition (interact w active site), conformation (interact w enzyme, altering shape)
47
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • process that allows glucose (from food) to be converted into energy that the cell can use (in the form of adenosine triphosphate or heat)
  • completed in the mitochondria and cytoplasm
48
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration not requiring oxygen

49
Q

aerobic respiration

A

respiration requiring oxygen

50
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat energy + 38 ATP

51
Q

anaerobic respiration process

A
  • glycolysis: breaks down 1 molecule of glucose to produce 2 molecules of pyruvate & produces energy to make two molecules of ATP
  • no oxygen is available, the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is converted to lactic acid (AR)
  • this conversion occurs in the cytosol of the cell
  • AR is important during vigorous physical activity, when the cir. and resp. are unable to supply muscle cells with enough oxygen (to move), in this case AR supplies the extra energy.
  • lactic acid is taken by the blood to the liver, where it can be recombined with oxygen to form glucose and eventually glycogen.
  • this process requires oxygen, so when cells are respiring anaerobically, the body is incurring oxygen debt.
  • after vigorous exercise one continues to breathe heavily for some time because they are ‘repaying’ the oxygen debt by converting lactic acid to glucose (recovery oxygen)
52
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • the pyruvic acid produced from glycolysis is completely broken down to CO2 and H2O (AR)
  • AR occurs in the mitochondria of the cell
  • mitochondria are organelles constructed with an outer than forms the shape of the organelle and an inner membrane that’s folded
  • the enzymes for the reactions of AR are attached to the internal membrane, so folding produces a larger SA on which the reaction of AR can take place. (More area for more reactions)
  • to complete the breakdown of glucose, the two pyruvic acid molecules must enter the mitochondrion, where enzymes are available to allow two more reactions occur
  • Krebs cycle: formation of two or more ATP molecules
  • electron transport system: produce up to 34 molecules of ATP
53
Q

energy used by the cell

A
  • 40% of energy released in respiration into ATP

- other 60% is lost as heat

54
Q

enzyme properties

A
  • made out of protein
  • act on other substances (substrate)
  • specific
  • anabolic (small to large)
  • catabolic (large to small)
55
Q

golgi body

A
  • responsible for secretion of cell products

- produces vesicles and lysosomes

56
Q

mitochondria

A
  • releases energy for the cell through respiration
57
Q

nucleus

A
  • controls and regulates the activities of the cell

- carries the genes

58
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • rough is lined with ribosomes and transports proteins within the cell
  • smooth ER is involved in the manufacture of lipids
59
Q

lysosomes

A
  • break down materials that are taken into the cell

- break down worn out organelles

60
Q

centriole

A
  • involved in the reproduction of the cell
61
Q

ribosomes

A
  • serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell
62
Q

nucleolus

A
  • inside the nucleus, manufactures and stores ribosomal RNA.
63
Q

biological catalyst

A
  • biological (found in living things)

- catalysts (speeds up rxns rates by reducing activation energy)

64
Q

for efficient metabolism

A
  • cells require oxygen and nutrients

- including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals

65
Q

energy used from the cell

A
  • building complex molecules
  • cell division and growth
  • active transport
  • cell overall movement
  • movement of cell organelles
  • maintaining cell organisation
  • transmission of nerve impulses
66
Q

protein function

A
  • allows metabolic reactions to take place
  • coordinates bodily functions
  • breaks down food

human bio (3 decks)

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