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2024-2026 Biology > Cells & Studying cells > Flashcards

Cells & Studying cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of Cell surface membrane? [2]

A
  • Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer;
  • Controls what enters the cell/ is selectively permeable;
  • Can be folded to increase surface area;
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2
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus? [2]

A
  • Contains genetic material / DNA;
  • Controls cell activity;
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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. [5]

A

Structure

  • Nuclear envelope and pores OR Double membrane and pores;
  • Chromosomes/chromatin OR DNA with histones;
  • Nucleolus/nucleoli;

Function
* (Holds/stores) genetic information/material for polypeptides (production) OR (Is) code for polypeptides;
* DNA replication (occurs);
* Production of mRNA/tRNA OR Transcription (occurs);
* Production of rRNA/ribosomes;

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4
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria? [2]

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration;
  • ATP production;
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5
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts? [2]

A
  • Contain thylakoids, stacked into Granum;
  • Site of photosynthesis;
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6
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus? [2]

A
  • Modifies/packages/sorts proteins;
  • Produces vesicles;
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7
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes? [2]

A
  • Contains hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes;
  • Digests worn out organelles/autolysis;
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8
Q

What is the function of the Ribsosomes?

A
  • Site of Protein synthesis;
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9
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum? [3]

A
  • Encrusted in Ribosomes;
  • Site of protein synthesis;
  • Transports and stores protein within the cell
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10
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Site of lipid synthesis;

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11
Q

What is the function of Cell Wall (plant)? [3]

A
  • Provides rigid shape / structure;
  • Stops osmotic lysis;
  • Made of cellulose
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12
Q

What is the function of the cell (permanent) vacuole (plants)?

A
  • Stores sugars/minerals/pigments
  • Support
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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells. [5]

A
  • DNA in nucleus is genetic code (for protein);
  • Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);
  • Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
  • Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
  • Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
  • (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
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14
Q

What is the function of Cell Wall (bacteria)? [3]

A
  • Provides rigid shape / structure;
  • Stops osmotic lysis;
  • Contains murein / peptidoglycan (glycoprotein)
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15
Q

What is the function of a Plasmid? [2]

A
  • Circular DNA;
  • Contains antibiotic resistance genes;
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16
Q

What is the function of a Capsule?
Prokaryotes only

A
  • Protects cell from (host) immune systems;
  • Aids bacteria sticking together /adhering to surfaces;
17
Q

What is the function of a Flagellum/flagella ?

A

Allows movement/propulsion;

18
Q

Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA [5]

A

Comparisons
* Nucleotide structure is identical;
* Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond;
* OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar, phosphate backbone);
* DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same / similar (structure) to DNA in prokaryotes;

Contrasts
* Eukaryotic DNA is longer;
* Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not;
* Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular;
* Eukaryotic DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, prokaryotic DNA is not;

19
Q

State three differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell. [3]

A

Plant v prokaryote

  • (Associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins;
  • Linear v circular;
  • No plasmids v plasmids;
  • Introns v no introns;
  • Long(er) v short(er);
20
Q

The structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the small intestine.

Describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different. [5]

A
  1. Cholera bacterium is prokaryote;
  2. Does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/ has DNA free in cytoplasm/has loop of DNA;

3 and 4 Any two from: [No membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria / no golgi/no endoplasmic reticulum];
5 70s ribosomes only;
6 and 7 Any two from [Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall

21
Q

Where are 70s ribosomes found? [3]

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Mitochondia
  • Chloroplasts
22
Q

Name two structures found in all bacteria that are not found in plant cells. [2]

A
  • Circular DNA (molecule in cytoplasm);
  • Murein cell wall OR Peptidoglycan cell wall OR Glycoprotein cell wall;
  • Small(er)/70s ribosomes (in cytoplasm);
23
Q

Outline the similarities in, and the differences between, the structures of chloroplasts and mitochondria. [5]

A

Similarities

  1. Double membrane;
  2. Both contain (circular) DNA;
  3. Both contain ribosomes;

Differences

  1. Thylakoids/lamellae/grana v cristae;
  2. Stroma v matrix;
  3. Pigments v no pigments;
    Accept ‘chlorophyll v no chlorophyll’
  4. Starch grains v no starch grains;
24
Q

Give the three structural features found in all virus particles and describe the function of one of these features. [2]

A
  1. Genetic material, capsid and attachment protein;
  2. Genetic material codes for (viral) protein
    OR
    Capsid protects the genetic material/RNA/DNA
    OR
    Attachment protein bind to receptors (on cell);
25
Q

Explain why viruses are described as acellular and non-living. [2]

A
  1. (Acellular) no cell(-surface) membrane
    OR Not made of cells;

Accept have no organelles/cytoplasm

  1. (Non-living) have no metabolism/metabolic reactions;
    OR Cannot (independently) move/respire/replicate/ excrete
    OR (Have) no nutrition;
26
Q

Define genome and proteome. [2]

A

(Genome)

  1. Complete set of genes in a cell
    OR (All) the DNA in a cell
    OR (All) the genes/alleles/genetic material in a cell
    OR The total number of DNA bases in a cell;

Reject ‘all the DNA/genes within a species/population’

(Proteome)

  1. (Full) range of proteins that a cell can produce
    OR (Full) range of proteins coded for by the cell’s DNA/genome;
27
Q

Below are four statements about the structure of prokaryotic cells.

  1. No prokaryotic cell has DNA that is associated with proteins.
  2. No prokaryotic cell has membrane-bound organelles.
  3. All prokaryotic cells have one or more flagella.
  4. All prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic cells.

Which statements about the structure of prokaryotic cells are correct?

A

statements 1, 2 and 4

28
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • Acullular and non living
  • Consist of genetic material, a capsid and attachment proteins.

2024-2026 Biology (3 decks)

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