Cells, specialisation, and stem cells Flashcards
End of year revision
What is the role of the nucleus in the cell?
Controls the cell activity
What is the role of the mitochondria in the cell?
Respiration occurs, releasing energy
What is the role of the chloroplast in the cell?
Light energy is absorbed and changed into food
What is the role of the ribosome in the cell?
Proteins are synthesised here
What is the role of the cell wall in the cell?
Supports the cell and keeps its shape
What is the role of the vacuole in the cell?
Full of cell sap and maintains shape
What is the role of the cell membrane in the cell?
Controls the movement of substances in and out
What is the role of the cytoplasm in the cell?
Many reactions take place here
Differences between animal and plant cells:
Plant cell has a vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Contains a true nucleus in the cytoplasm and membrane-bound organelles
What is a capsule, and where is it found?
It’s a protective layer from damage on bacteria. Also sticks prokaryotic cells together.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Much smaller than eukaryotic cells, it has a cell wall and doesn’t store genetic material in a nucleus, instead having extra rings of plasmid DNA.
What are the sperm cell adaptations?
Flagellum for swimming, mitochondria to maintain energy, nucleus contains half a set of genes from the father, and an acrosome head containing digestive enzymes
What are the adaptations of nerve cells?
Long thin shape, making it faster to send electrical messages
What are the adaptations of muscle cells?
Has many mitochondria, to release energy
What are the adaptations of root hair cells?
Long thin hair the extends from its cell, which gives it a larger surface area for absorbing water and nutrients, and a very thin cell wall to make it easier for water to pass into its cell.
What are the adaptations of xylem cells?
Dead and hollow tubes for easy water movement
What are the adaptations of phloem cells?
Holes at the end of the cells allow continuous water movement
What are specialised cells?
When cells or tissues become adapted to carry out a specific function. These cells are fixed and can only divide to make their own type of cell.
Where are plant stem cells found?
In the meristem, which are found in the roots and shoots of a plant
What are stem cells?
They are unspecialised cells, that can become any type of cell.
