Cells Parts & Structure Flashcards
TYPES OF CELLS
- prokaryotic cells
- eukaryotic cells
simple, single-celled (unicellular)
organism that lacks an organized nucleus or any
other membrane-bound organelle.
Prokaryotic cell
The world’s largest
bacterium has been
discovered
amongst the
mangroves of the
Caribbean island of
Guadeloupe.
5000 times bigger
than the average
microbe.
Thiomargarita magnifica
blue-
green algae, are a
group of
photosynthetic
bacteria that play a
crucial role in the
Earth’s
ecosystems.
Cyanobacteria
PARTS OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
- CELL WALL
- PLASMA MEMBRANE
- CAPSULE
- CYTOPLASM
- PLASMID
- NUCLEOID
- RIBOSOME
- FLAGELLUM
- FIMBRIAE
- PILI
- INCLUSION
protective
layer that surrounds some
cells and gives them shape
and rigidity.
CELL WALL
The major
component of bacterial cell
walls
peptidoglycan
thin lipid bilayer that
completely surrounds the cell
and separates the inside from
the outside.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Some prokaryotic cells
have a protective outer
layer. Slimy, gel-like
coating.
capsule
can
help protect the cell from
the host’s immune system.
CAPSULE
gel-like substance that
fills the cell and contains
various cellular structures
CYTOPLASM
small,
circular, double stranded DNA
molecule that exists
independently of the
chromosomal DNA in
the bacterial cell.
PLASMID
A region within the
cytoplasm where the
circular DNA molecule
is located.
NUCLEOID
Cellular structures
responsible for
protein synthesis.
RIBOSOME
- Whip-like
appendages that
extend from the cell
surface, enabling the
cell to move. - Not all
prokaryotic cells have
flagella.
FLAGELLUM
- Bristle-like-fibers that are
shorter than pili. - It is
primarily used for bacterial
attachment.
FIMBRIAE
Short, hair-like structures
on the cell surface that aid
in adherence to surfaces or
other cells
PILI
transfer of
genetic material during a
process called CONJUGATION
PILI
type of cell
that possesses a
true nucleus and
membrane-bound
organelles
eukaryotic cell
PARTS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
- PLASMA MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEUS
- ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SMOOTH & ROUGH)
- GOLGI APPARATUS
- VESICLES
- LYSOSOMES
- PEROXISOMES
- MITOCHONDRIA
- VACUOLE
- CHLOROPLAST
- RIBOSOMES
- CENTROSOME
- NUCLEOULUS
- NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
- cell membrane
- is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
PLASMA MEMBRANE (Gatekeeper of the Cell)
In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is attached to on its outside surface.
PLASMA MEMBRANE (Gatekeeper of the Cell)
- regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
PLASMA MEMBRANE (Gatekeeper of the Cell)
- interior of the cell that surrounds the nucleus
- includes the organelles and a jelly-like fluid called the cytosol.
CYTOPLASM
- Cellular processes, such as metabolism and protein synthesis,
occur
CYTOPLASM
- control center of the cell.
- It is the largest organelle in the cell and it contains the DNA of the cell
NUCLEUS (control center)
a network of
membranes involved in
the synthesis of lipids
and proteins
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (Highway
of the Cell)
TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (Highway
of the Cell)
- rough (RER)
- smooth (SER),
most protein
synthesis occurs in the
cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
- synthesize lipids in the
cell. - helps in the
detoxification of harmful
substances in the cell.
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
- called Golgi complex.
- responsible for
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to
target destinations
GOLGI APPARATUS (Packaging center of the cell)
first person to
describe this organelle GOLGI APPARATUS (Packaging center of the cell)
Camillo Golgi.
- small, membrane-bound sac that can transport and store substances within a cell.
- involved in various
cellular processes, including intracellular transport, secretion, and
storage of cellular materials
VESICLES
membrane-bound vesicles
containing enzymes that break down and digest
cellular waste materials, old organelles, and foreign
substances.
LYSOSOMES (Suicide bags of the cell)
involved in
various metabolic
processes,
particularly those
related to lipid
metabolism and
detoxification
PEROXISOMES
- play a
crucial role in cellular
respiration, producing
energy (in the form of
ATP) for the cell. - They have their own
circular DNA and
replicate
independently of the
cell
MITOCHONDRIA
(Powerhouse of the
Cell)
- found in the
cells of plants, animals
fungi, and some protists. - maintaining cell turgor
pressure, storing
nutrients and waste
products, and
participating in various
cellular processes.
VACUOLE
- membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protists.
- sites of photosynthesis, a process that converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, ultimately providing energy for the organism.
CHLOROPLAST
These organelles contain pigments, including chlorophyll,
which give them a green color
CHLOROPLAST
involved in protein
synthesis, translating
genetic information
from mRNA
(messenger RNA)
into functional
proteins
RIBOSOMES
(Protein factories
- plays a crucial role in
organizing microtubules
during cell division. - It is primarily found in animal
cells and some lower plant
cells. - involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle, a structure essential for the proper segregation of
chromosomes during cell
division.
CENTROSOME
distinctive feature of
plant cells, providing
structural support,
protection, and rigidity
to plant tissues
CELL WALL
primary
component of the plant
cell wall and provides
strength and rigidity to
the structure
Cellulose
network of protein
filaments (such as microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments) that provides structural support, and shape, and facilitates
cellular movement.
CYTOSKELETON (cellular skeleton)
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
(PLANT CELL)
- Cell wall (rigid shape)
- Large central vacuole
- Chloroplasts (autotroph)
- Lack centrosomes
- Lack lysosomes
COMPARISON OF STRUCTURES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
(ANIMAL CELL)
- No cell wall (irregular shape)
- Numerous small vacuoles
- No chloroplasts (heterotroph)
- Centrioles/centrosomes
- Lysosomes
SIZE
PLANT CELL
Plant cells range from 10 and
100 micrometers in length.
SIZE
ANIMAL CELL
range from 10 to
30 micrometers in length.
SHAPE
PLANT CELL
more similar in
size and are typically
rectangular or cube-shaped.
SHAPE
ANIMAL CELL
come in various
sizes and tend to have round
or irregular shapes
CELL WALL
PLANT CELL
surrounded by
a rigid cell wall.
CELL WALL
ANIMAL CELL
does not have
a cell wall.
VACUOLE
PLANT CELL
a large
central vacuole that can
occupy up to 90% of the cell’s
volume.
LYSOSOMES
PLANT CELL
do not contain
lysosomes as the plant
vacuole handles molecule
degradation
CENTROSOMES
PLANT CELL
absent in
plant cells
REPRODUCTION
PLANT CELL
reproduce
through mitosis and also
have unique reproductive
structures like pollen and
ovules for sexual
reproduction
ENERGY STORAGE
PLANT CELL
Stores energy as starch.
VACUOLE
ANIMAL CELL
Animal cells may have many
small vacuoles
LYSOSOMES
ANIMAL CELL
possess
lysosomes which contain
enzymes that digest cellular
macromolecules
CENTROSOMES
ANIMAL CELL
have
centrosomes.
REPRODUCTION
ANIMAL CELL
Animal cells reproduce
through mitosis for growth
and repair. Sexual
reproduction occurs
through specialized
reproductive cells (sperm
and egg cells).
ENERGY STORAGE
ANIMAL CELL
Stores energy in the form of
the complex carbohydrate
glycogen.
