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B-Clinical Immunology > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Natural killer cells (NK) and cytotoxic-T-cells are ______________.

A

Lymphocytes

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2
Q

_________-T-cells are central to all types of immunity.

A

Helper

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3
Q

Follicular dendritic cells are ___________ ____________ cells.

A

Antigen presentation

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4
Q

_____________ are antigen presenters, but also capable of phagocytosis.

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

Treg cells prevent ____________, and produce cytokines.

A

Autoimmunity

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6
Q

___-cells produce antibodies.

A

B

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7
Q

What is a mature B-cell called?

A

Plasma cell

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8
Q

Mast cells and basophils contain _____________, and are prevalent in allergic reactions.

A

Histamine

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9
Q

_____________ engage in phagocytosis, for destruction of bacteria, and are very important.

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

Eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis, and are important in ______________ infections.

A

Parasitic

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11
Q

Myeloid stem cells are every cell type except ____________.

A

Lymphocytes

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12
Q

True or false: NK cells are adaptive.

A

False

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13
Q

______________ account for 20-40% of WBC population in the peripheral blood, and 99% of cells in the lymph.

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells are small, motile, _____-___________ cells.

A

Non-phagocytic

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15
Q

T- and B-cells that are not activated by antigen are known as __________ ______, or small lymphocytes.

A

Resting cells

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16
Q

Upon activation, T- and B-cells undergo _______ ___________, and differentiates into effector or memory cells.

A

Clonal expansion

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17
Q

T-cells originate in the bone marrow, but mature in the __________.

A

Thymus

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18
Q

___-__________ cells secrete cytokines, which activate B-cells, other T-cells, macrophages, and other cells that are participants in an immune response.

A

T-helper

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19
Q

____-___________ cells do not secrete many cytokines, and instead exhibit cell killing or cytotoxic activity; in particular, they display this behaviour towards tumour and graft cells.

A

T-cytotoxic

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20
Q

The ratio of TH to TC is ~_____ in normal, human peripheral blood.

A

2:1

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21
Q

T-cells possess a receptor on their surface called a T-cell receptor (TCR), that binds the T-cell to an ___________.

A

Antigen

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22
Q

T-cells recognise antigen only in the context of _________ ______________ ____________ molecules.

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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23
Q

Name three cells upon which T-cells will bind, in the presence of antigen.

A

Virus-infected cells

Cancer cells

Antigen-presenting cells

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24
Q

___________ _____________ results in T-cell proliferation and differentiation into memory T-cells and various effector T-cells.

A

Antigen recognition

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25
Q

_____________ T-cells suppress the function of other cells, and are important for regulation and self-tolerance.

A

Regulatory

26
Q

____________ ________ ___-cells suppress or activate innate and adaptive immune responses, and are important in preventing the development of autoimmunity.

A

Natural killer T

27
Q

Where do B-cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

28
Q

____________ molecules found on the surface of B cells act as antigen-binding sites.

A

Antibody

29
Q

True or false: each B-cell specifically recognises one antigen type.

A

True

30
Q

True or false: B-cell interactions require MHC molecules.

A

False

31
Q

An activated B-cell undergoes clonal expansion, ____________, and differentiation into a mature B-cell (then termed a plasma cell).

A

Proliferation

32
Q

Plasma cells secrete antibodies, and can secrete 2,000 antibody molecules per second, with major effector molecules of ______________ ______________.

A

Humoral immunity

33
Q

NK cells comprise 5-15% of blood ____________ cells.

A

Mononuclear

34
Q

NK cells are identified in blood by the expression of ______, and by the presence of cytoplasmic granules.

A

CD56

35
Q

True or false: NK cells have no immunologic specificity or memory.

A

True

36
Q

NK cells display cytotoxic killing activity against a wide range of tumour cells, and cells infected with __________.

A

Viruses

37
Q

What cell does a macrophage develop from?

A

Monocyte

38
Q

Monocytes and macrophages have horseshoe-shaped nuclei, containing _____________ granules.

A

Azurophilic

39
Q

What type of enzymes do monocytes have?

A

Ruffled

40
Q

Monocytes and macrophages contain well-developed Golgi complexes, and many _____________ ____________, containing peroxidase and several acid hydrolases.

A

Intracytoplasmic lysosomes

41
Q

Macrophages may be fixed (taking up residence in particular tissues), or free (or wandering), moving by ___________ _____________ throughout the tissues.

A

Amoeboid movement

42
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

Liver

43
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Bone

44
Q

Where are microglial cells found?

A

Brain

45
Q

List five highly-toxic mediators found in macrophages.

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Free oxygen radicals

Peroxidase

Lysosyme

Hydrolytic enzymes

46
Q

List three functions of monocytes.

A

Active phagocytosis

Antigen presentation, and subsequent activation of T-cells

Secretion of cytokines, such as interleukin, α interferon, tumour necrosis markers, and interleukin-6, during inflammation

47
Q

Dendritic cells are derived from either the ____________ or mononuclear phagocyte lineages.

A

Lymphoid

48
Q

True or false: dendritic cells are mostly resident in tissues.

A

True

49
Q

Langerhans cells of the ___________ are monocyte-derived.

A

Epidermis

50
Q

Interstitial cells are found in _____________ organs.

A

Lymphoid

51
Q

Interdigitating cells are found in specific areas of the spleen, ___________, and lymph nodes.

A

Thymus

52
Q

Veiled cells are found in _________.

A

Lymph

53
Q

What is the most important function of dendritic cells?

A

To present antigens to T-cells

54
Q

________________ granulocytes are classified on the basis of how their granules stain with acidic and basic dyes.

A

Polymorphonuclear

55
Q

List six features of neutrophils.

A

Last between seven to ten hours in the blood, and between three and four days in the tissues

Spherical, 12-15µm in diameter

Nucleus is segmented into three to five lobes

Cytoplasm contains primary and secondary granules, which do not stain intensely, and are rich in microbicidal agents, such as defensins and cathelicidins

1x10^11 cells are released from bone marrow per day

Phagocytic, and important in fighting infection

56
Q

Define extravasation.

A

The movement of neutrophils from the bloodstream into a site of infection

57
Q

Describe some features of eosinophils.

A

Motile cells, with bi-lobed nuclei

Granules (containing toxic agents) stain strongly with eosin

Comprise 2-5% of leucocytes in a non-allergic state

Specialised role in immunity to parasitic worms, although also capable of phagocytosis

Bone-marrow derived

Found mainly in peripheral tissues, such as the linings of GI and respiratory tracts

Play a significant role in allergic reactions

58
Q

Describe features and functions of basophils.

A

Less than 0.2% of leucocytes in circulation

Non-phagocytic granulocytes

Peripheral blood form of mast cells

Cytoplasm is rich in granules, which stain with basic dyes

Release pharmacologically-active substances, such as histamine, in allergic responses

59
Q

_______ _______ cells (MMC) depend on T-cells for proliferation.

A

Mucosal mast

60
Q

Name another type of mast cell.

A

Connective tissue mast cells

B-Clinical Immunology (3 decks)

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