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MICR334 module one > Cells of the immune system? > Flashcards

Cells of the immune system? Flashcards

1
Q

what drives cellular differentiation?

A

cytokines
- differentiation is also driven by the location of the stem cells

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2
Q

what are the features of immature T and B cells?

A

found in the bone marrow
- the TCR/BCR genes are still in the germline state

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3
Q

what is gene rearrangement of TCR/BCR genes?

A

DNA based mechanism that loops out genes, creating a new and unique DNA sequence

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4
Q

what part of antibody genes are rearranged?

A

the heavy and light chains

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5
Q

what part of T cell receptors undergo rearrangement?

A

Alpha and beta chains

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6
Q

what is clonal expansion?

A

selective expansion of lymphocytes that interact with antigen

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7
Q

what happens when B cells undergo clonal expansion?

A

the daughter cells produce antibody specific for the interacting antigen

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8
Q

what can help determine an adaptive immune system?

A

immunization

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9
Q

how do neutrophils respond during an infection?

A

they expand in response to infection

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10
Q

what are the features of neutrophils?

A

-produced in the bone marrow
- most abundnat leukocyte but short-lived
-dead and dying neutrophils are a mjor component of pus
-Produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NETS

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11
Q

what is the function of neutrophils producing reactive oxygen species?

A

they are used to kill microbes

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12
Q

what are NETS?

A

DNA and histones that are released by a dying neutrophil

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13
Q

why do neutrophils breakdown?

A

production of reactive oxygen species effects the ingegrity of the cell wall and othe essential parts of the cellular structure and so the neurophil dies

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14
Q

what is the function of NETS?

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps bind bacteria

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15
Q

what is the primary function of dendritic cells?

A

to excite the immune system

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16
Q

what are the features of dendritic cells?

A

-Antigen-presenting cells that can activate naive T cells
-Express both MHC-I and MHC-II and costimulatory molecules
- Migratory function (ferry antigen from the periphery to the lymph node)
-all solid organs and blood contain dendritic cells

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17
Q

what cell is responsible for acute transplant rejection?

A

dendritic cells

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18
Q

what are the dendritic cell subsets derived from?

A

common myeloid progenitor cells

19
Q

what are the subsets of dendritic cells?

A
  • Langerhans cells
  • Dermal dendritic cells
  • Thymic dendritic cells
20
Q

what are langerhans cells?

A

dendritic cells of the epidermis

21
Q

what are dermal dendritic cells?

A

cells specialised in cross-priming

22
Q

what is the role of thymic dendritic cells?

A

medial central tolerance

23
Q

what is central tolerance?

A

deletion of autoreactive T cells

24
Q

what allows cross priming?

A

the phagolysosome leaking into the cytoplasm

25
Q

what is exogenous processing?

A

outside ‘stuff’ gets loaded onto MHC-II

26
Q

what is endogenous processing?

A

inside ‘stuff’ gets loaded onto MHC-I

27
Q

what does MHC-II activate?

A

Helper T cells (CD4)

28
Q

what does MHC-I activate?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

29
Q

what is the role of conventional dendritic cells?

A

Main subset involved in stimulating naive and memory T cells

30
Q

what is the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

release large amounts of interferon type 1

31
Q

what is the role of interferon type 1?

A

puts the body into a state of high alert

32
Q

what is the role of peripheral tolerance?

A

keeps autoreactive immunes cells at bay

33
Q

what happens to immune cells that show a lack of co-stimulation?

A

lack of co-stimulation leads to anergy (non-responsiveness) or cell death

34
Q

what is the result of a cell undergoing co-stimulation?

A

leads to lymphocyte activation

35
Q

what are the features of macrophages?

A
  • monocyte in the blood is a macrophage precursor
  • role in antigen clearance
  • monocytes can activate coagulation through upregulation of clotting factors
36
Q

how is macrophage activation enhanced by the immune system?

A

presentaion of intracellular antigens by macrophages leads to interactions with CD4 T cells

CD4 T Cells then release INFg which activates anti-bacteria activity in macrophages

37
Q

what is the role of a natural killer cell?

A

Recognise inhibitory receptors on normal cells (MHC-I)

If MHC-I is missing or altered, Natural killer cells become activated and lyse the target cell

38
Q

why does lack of MHC-I activate a natural killer cell?

A

build up of a positive signal to lyse the cell, which is inhibited by the presence of MHC-I, is not inhibited due to MHC-I not being present

39
Q

what are Natural Killer cells?

A

NK cells are primarily an innate cell, but are essential for the development of tumour immunity

NK cells infiltrate lymph nodes and contribute to T cell activation

40
Q

how to natural killer cells help with cancer?

A

Caner and viruses interfer with the expression of MHC-I on the cell surface which can cause the NK cell to become activated

41
Q

what receptors are important for triggering macrophages and NK cells?

A

Fc receptors
- recognises the fc region of an antibody

42
Q

how do natural killer cells kill host cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A
  • Antibodies bind antigens on the surface of target cells
  • NK cell CD16 Fc receptors recognise cell-bound antibodies
  • Cross-linking of CD16 triggers degranulation into a lytic synapse
  • Tumour cells die by apoptosis
43
Q

what is a hot tumour?

A

high mutational burden

44
Q

why is a tumor with more mutations easier to generate a T cell response to?

A

There is a greater variety of peptides specific to the tumor that the T cells can recognise

MICR334 module one (7 decks)

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