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Adult Patient 1 > Cells of the Blood > Flashcards

Cells of the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How is Bone Marrow Sampled?

A

Aspiration - cytology
Trephine Biopsy - histology
Usually from Iliac Crest

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2
Q

What is the function of White Blood Cells?

What is the Life Expectancy of a White Blood Cell?

A

Combat Pathogens and other foreign substances that enter the body.

Live for a few hours to a few days

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3
Q

How are Red Blood Cells removed from the Circulation?

What is the Life Expectancy of a Red Blood Cell?

A

Phagocytic Macrophages in the Liver and the Spleen

120 days - wear and tear from squeezing through capillaries

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4
Q

What are the two arms of Haematopoeisis?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid

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5
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis
First on the scene
60-70% of WBCs

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6
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A

Intensify inflammatory response in allergic reactions

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7
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils?

A

Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions

Destroy certain parasitic worms

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8
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?

A

Convert to macrophages

Then phagocytosis

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9
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

B cells develop into plasma cells
Plasma cells sector antibodies

T cells attach invading viruses and cancer cells
NK cells attack a variety of infectious microbes

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10
Q

How are phagocytes attracted to microbes and inflamed tissues?

A

Chemotaxis

Chemoattractants and Chemorepellants

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11
Q

What is a Platelet?

A

Fragments of megakaryoctes, enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane

No nucleus

Megakaryocytes are huge cells in the red bone marrow which split into 2000-3000 fragments

Platelets stick together and to endothelium

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12
Q

What is the normal range for Haemoglobin concentration?

A

Male: 13.0-18.0 g/dL
Female: 11.4-16.5 g/dL

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13
Q

What is Mean Cell Volume?

What is the normal range for Mean Cell Volume?

A

A representation of how big the RBCs are

77-96 fL

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14
Q

What is the normal range for platelets?

A

150-400 x10^9/L

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15
Q

What is the normal range for White Blood Cells?

A

4-11 x10^9/L

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16
Q

What is the normal range for Neutrophils?

A

2.0-7.5 x10^9/L

17
Q

What is the normal range for Lymphocytes?

A

1.3-4 x10^9/L

18
Q

What would raised neutrophils indicate?

A

Bacterial Infection

19
Q

What would a raised White Blood Cell count suggest in absence of infection?

A

Haematological Malignancy

20
Q

What what raised lymphocytes suggest?

A

Viral Infection

21
Q

What what raised eosinophils suggest?

A

Parasitic Infection

22
Q

Hoe are Red Blood Cells made?

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS
In Red Bone Marrow
Proerythroblast -> ejects nucleus -> Reticulocyte

Stimulated by Erythropoietin
Released by the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen supply to the kidneys and other organs

23
Q

Where is Red Bone Marrow found?

A

Axial Skeleton

Head, trunk, epiphyses of femur and humerus, pectoral and pelvic girdles

24
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

Absolute reduction in Haemoglobin

<13.5g/dL in men
<11.5g/dL in women

25
Q

What is Microcytic anaemia and what are the causes?

A

Anaemia with Low MCV (<77)

Iron Deficiency
excessive loss, dietary inadequacy, failure of absorption, excessive demands

26
Q

What is Normocytic anaemia and what are the causes?

A

Anaemia with normal MCV
(77-95)

Recent Bleeding
Chronic disease (kidneys-EPO)
Preganancy

27
Q

What is Macrocytic anaemia and what are the causes?

A

Anaemia with high MCV (>95)

B12 deficiency
Pernicious anaemia (intrinsic factor antibodies, unable to absorb B12)
Folate Deficiency
Alcohol Excess

28
Q

What fluid is given to known alcoholics in A&E?

A

Pabrinex

Multivitamins, B12, folate

29
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 obtained from?

How is Vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Meat, eggs and dairy

Binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach then absorbed in the terminal ileum

30
Q

Where is Folate obtained from?

A

Green leafy vegetables, nuts and liver

31
Q

What is Acute Lymphoid Leukaemia?

Who is it seen in most commonly?

A

B or T cell Malignancy

Good Prognosis - goes down as age goes up

Commonest childhood cancer

32
Q

What is Acute Myeloid Leukaemia?

How is it treated?

Who is it seen in most commonly?

A

High neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

Intensive Chemotherapy

Most common leukaemia in adults

33
Q

What is Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemia?

How is it treated?

Who is it seen in most commonly?

A

B and T cell malignancy
Asymptomatic in 90% at presentation (seen in routine FBC)

Non-curative management

Disease of the elderly, especially males

34
Q

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia?

How is it treated?

Who is it seen in most commonly?

A

Insidious presentation - splenomegaly
Philadelphia chromosome in >80%

Treated with imatinib (monoclonal antibody to suppress bone marrow)

Typically 40-60 year olds

35
Q

What is lymphoma?

What are the two types?

A

Malignant tumour of the lymphatic system

Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s

36
Q

How is Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterised?

A

Histologically - multinucleate giant cells - Reed-Sternberg cells

Present with an enlarged lymph node, typically lower neck or supraclavicular

B Symptoms - drenching night sweats, fever and weight loss

37
Q

What is the prognosis of Non’Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

Low Grade - good prognosis but not usually curable

High Grade - More aggressive but usually curative

38
Q

What is Myeloma?

Who does it affect most commonly?

How does it present?

What tests are done?

How is the diagnosis confirmed?

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells

Increased osteoclastic activity - bone marrow destruction and bone marrow failure

Incurable, relapsing/remitting disease

Generally effect older people

Bone Pain (back ache)
Hypercalcaemia (breakdown of bone)
Anaemia
Renal Impairment

Urine Protein Electrophoresis
looking for Bence-Jones protein

Bone marrow sample and skeletal survey

39
Q

Hypercalcaemia Symptoms

A

Bones - bone pain
Groans - constipation, abdominal pain
Stones - renal stones
Moans - depression

Adult Patient 1 (4 decks)

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