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Anatomy > Cells (Membranes) > Flashcards

Cells (Membranes) Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes direct what?

A

what comes in and out of the cell

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2
Q

Membranes are sites for?

A

Chemical reactions

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3
Q

Membranes are found where?

A

The outer surface of all cells (plasma membrane)

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4
Q

Membranes are the major component of

A

organelles

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5
Q

Membranes are made up of what 3 things (give %)

A

lipids(40%), proteins(60%), and carbohydrates.
-mainly made of lipids and proteins

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6
Q

what type of lipid is found in the membrane?

A

Phospholipid

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what are Phospholipids made up of

A

two fatty acid chains (non polar end)

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8
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic (attracted to water)

A

the polar head

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8
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic (repels water)

A

the non-polar tail

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9
Q

the phospholipid bilayer has little what?

A

structural support

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10
Q

the phospholipid bilayer is what type of barrier?

A

A powerful barrier

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11
Q

the phospholipid bilayer is interspersed with

A

proteins

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11
Q

what makes the phospholipid bilayer powerful?

A
  1. particles with electrical charges (ions)
  2. large molecules have a hard time crossing
  3. water moves freely across
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12
Q

what are Glycocalyx made up of

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

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13
Q

What are the functions of glycocalyx

A

the biological marker for other cells

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14
Q

What is the function of cholesterol

A
  • stabilizes the membrane
  • decreases mobility of phospholipids and fluidity of membrane
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15
Q
A
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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are the 2 main types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

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19
Q

What is the integral membrane proteins?

A
  1. transmembrane protein
  2. internal membrane proteins (intrinsic)
  3. external membrane proteins (extrinsic)
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20
Q

What is peripheral membrane proteins?

A
  1. not embedded in the lipid bilayer
  2. attached loosely to integral proteins
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21
Q

List the 6 functions of membrane proteins.

A
  1. structural support
  2. transport of molecules of chemical reactions at all cell surface
  3. enzymatic control of chemical reactions at cell surface
  4. receptors for hormones and other regulatory molecules
  5. intercellular joining (CAM’s)
  6. cell to cell recognition
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22
Q

Define Diabetes Mellitus

A

an alteration in carbohydrate metabolism as a result of changes in insulin production and sensitivity

23
Q

Factors of Type 1 Diabetes

A
  1. insulin dependent (iddm)
  2. occurs before 15
  3. pancreas beta cells stop producing insulin
24
Q

Factors of type 2 diabetes

A
  1. non insulin dependent (niddm)
  2. after 40 and up
  3. hereditary
  4. pancreas beta cells produce an inadequate amount of insulin
  5. overweight
25
Q

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable meaning

A

some molecules pass through the easily and some don’t.

26
Q

what are the two way that substances cross the membrane

A

passive and active process

27
Q

passive process

A

no energy required

28
Q

active processes

A

energy is required (ATP)

29
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of molecules down their concentration gradient (high to low)
-no energy
-important for ion and cell membrane movement

30
Q

The types of Passive transport

A
  1. Diffusion
    -simple diffusion
    -carrier-channel mediated facilitated diffusion
    -osmosis
31
Q

define concentration gradient.

A

the collision of molecule in high concentration areas that lead to them being scattered with less concentration

32
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

non-polar lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer.
-oxygen, CO2, fat soluble vitamins

33
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

hydrophobic molecules are transported passively down their concentration gradient.
-carrier and channel mediated facilitated diffusion

34
Q

carrier mediated facilitated protein substances do what?

A

bind to protein carriers.

35
Q

channel mediated facilitated diffusion substances do what?

A

move through size dependent water filled channels

36
Q

Define osmosis

A

the diffusion of a solvent

37
Q

what are the functions of osmosis?

A
  1. movement of solvent across a permeable membrane
  2. water diffuses through plasma membrane (via lipid bilayer)
  3. flows occur when water concentration is different on both sides of the membrane
37
Q

The two major active membrane transport processes are

A

Active and vesicular transport

37
Q

what things to both active and vesicular transport require

A
  1. require ATP to move solute across plasma membrane. why:
    -solute is too large, not liquid soluble or moving against the concentration gradient
38
Q

Active transport requires what two things

A

carrier proteins and ATP

38
Q

The two types of active transport

A

Primary and Secondary

38
Q

primary active transport

A

required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis

39
Q

secondary active transport

A

required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport.

39
Q

The sodium potassium pump needs to move what against it’s concentration gradient.

A

Na(more outside) and K(more inside)

39
Q

Vesicular Transport involves transport of

A

-large particles, macromolecules and fluids across the membrane in sacs called vesicles
-requires ATP

40
Q

Endocytosis

A

transport into cells

40
Q

Vesicular transport processes include

A

endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
vesicular trafficking

40
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of cells

40
Q

Transcytosis

A

transport into, across and out of cell

41
Q
A
41
Q

Vesicular trafficking

A

transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

42
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

the substance where chemical reactions occur
-contains organelles

43
Q

define cytoplasm

A

where all cellular material is located between the plasma membrane and nucleus

44
Q

what is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

cytosol, inclusions and organelles (8)

45
Q

define cytosol

A

gel like solution made of water and soluble molecules.

46
Q

define organelles.

A

metabolic structures of the cell
-each with special functions
-membranous or non membranous

47
Q

membranous organelles (megpl)

A

Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes

48
Q
A

Anatomy (4 decks)

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