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Cells (Membranes) Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes direct what?

A

what comes in and out of the cell

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2
Q

Membranes are sites for?

A

Chemical reactions

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3
Q

Membranes are found where?

A

The outer surface of all cells (plasma membrane)

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4
Q

Membranes are the major component of

A

organelles

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5
Q

Membranes are made up of what 3 things (give %)

A

lipids(40%), proteins(60%), and carbohydrates.
-mainly made of lipids and proteins

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6
Q

what type of lipid is found in the membrane?

A

Phospholipid

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what are Phospholipids made up of

A

two fatty acid chains (non polar end)

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8
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic (attracted to water)

A

the polar head

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8
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic (repels water)

A

the non-polar tail

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9
Q

the phospholipid bilayer has little what?

A

structural support

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10
Q

the phospholipid bilayer is what type of barrier?

A

A powerful barrier

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11
Q

the phospholipid bilayer is interspersed with

A

proteins

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11
Q

what makes the phospholipid bilayer powerful?

A
  1. particles with electrical charges (ions)
  2. large molecules have a hard time crossing
  3. water moves freely across
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12
Q

what are Glycocalyx made up of

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

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13
Q

What are the functions of glycocalyx

A

the biological marker for other cells

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14
Q

What is the function of cholesterol

A
  • stabilizes the membrane
  • decreases mobility of phospholipids and fluidity of membrane
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15
Q
A
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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are the 2 main types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

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19
Q

What is the integral membrane proteins?

A
  1. transmembrane protein
  2. internal membrane proteins (intrinsic)
  3. external membrane proteins (extrinsic)
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20
Q

What is peripheral membrane proteins?

A
  1. not embedded in the lipid bilayer
  2. attached loosely to integral proteins
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21
Q

List the 6 functions of membrane proteins.

A
  1. structural support
  2. transport of molecules of chemical reactions at all cell surface
  3. enzymatic control of chemical reactions at cell surface
  4. receptors for hormones and other regulatory molecules
  5. intercellular joining (CAM’s)
  6. cell to cell recognition
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22
Define Diabetes Mellitus
an alteration in carbohydrate metabolism as a result of changes in insulin production and sensitivity
23
Factors of Type 1 Diabetes
1. insulin dependent (iddm) 2. occurs before 15 3. pancreas beta cells stop producing insulin
24
Factors of type 2 diabetes
1. non insulin dependent (niddm) 2. after 40 and up 3. hereditary 4. pancreas beta cells produce an inadequate amount of insulin 5. overweight
25
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable meaning
some molecules pass through the easily and some don't.
26
what are the two way that substances cross the membrane
passive and active process
27
passive process
no energy required
28
active processes
energy is required (ATP)
29
Define diffusion
The movement of molecules down their concentration gradient (high to low) -no energy -important for ion and cell membrane movement
30
The types of Passive transport
1. Diffusion -simple diffusion -carrier-channel mediated facilitated diffusion -osmosis
31
define concentration gradient.
the collision of molecule in high concentration areas that lead to them being scattered with less concentration
32
What is simple diffusion?
non-polar lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer. -oxygen, CO2, fat soluble vitamins
33
What is facilitated diffusion
hydrophobic molecules are transported passively down their concentration gradient. -carrier and channel mediated facilitated diffusion
34
carrier mediated facilitated protein substances do what?
bind to protein carriers.
35
channel mediated facilitated diffusion substances do what?
move through size dependent water filled channels
36
Define osmosis
the diffusion of a solvent
37
what are the functions of osmosis?
1. movement of solvent across a permeable membrane 2. water diffuses through plasma membrane (via lipid bilayer) 3. flows occur when water concentration is different on both sides of the membrane
37
The two major active membrane transport processes are
Active and vesicular transport
37
what things to both active and vesicular transport require
1. require ATP to move solute across plasma membrane. why: -solute is too large, not liquid soluble or moving against the concentration gradient
38
Active transport requires what two things
carrier proteins and ATP
38
The two types of active transport
Primary and Secondary
38
primary active transport
required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis
39
secondary active transport
required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport.
39
The sodium potassium pump needs to move what against it's concentration gradient.
Na(more outside) and K(more inside)
39
Vesicular Transport involves transport of
-large particles, macromolecules and fluids across the membrane in sacs called vesicles -requires ATP
40
Endocytosis
transport into cells
40
Vesicular transport processes include
endocytosis exocytosis transcytosis vesicular trafficking
40
Exocytosis
Transport out of cells
40
Transcytosis
transport into, across and out of cell
41
41
Vesicular trafficking
transport from one area or organelle in cell to another
42
Cytoplasm function
the substance where chemical reactions occur -contains organelles
43
define cytoplasm
where all cellular material is located between the plasma membrane and nucleus
44
what is the cytoplasm composed of?
cytosol, inclusions and organelles (8)
45
define cytosol
gel like solution made of water and soluble molecules.
46
define organelles.
metabolic structures of the cell -each with special functions -membranous or non membranous
47
membranous organelles (megpl)
Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Peroxisomes Lysosomes
48

Anatomy (4 decks)

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