Cells, Matrix, Ossification, Bone density, Bone Variation

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

Epithelial, muscle, neural, connective

Question 2

What is the function of each bone type?

Answer 2

Osteoblasts: form bone
Osteocyte: maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclasts: remodel bone

Question 3

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 3

amphorae matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 4

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 4

glycosaminoglycans

Question 5

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 5

chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

Question 6

What is the principal type of protein fiber?

Answer 6

collagen type 1

Question 7

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 7

hydroxyapatite

Question 8

Bone is also the respository for what additional ions?

Answer 8

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, radium

Question 9

What is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 9

living tissue will respond the stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

Question 10

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 10

has ability to heal, age, and remodel under stressors and to age

Question 11

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissue?

Answer 11

Mesenchyme and or cartilage

Question 12

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 12

intramembranous ossification

Question 13

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 13

from the second to the third month in utero

Question 14

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 14

the skull

Question 15

Which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

Answer 15

nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of mandible, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones and the greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 16

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is particularly formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

clavicle

Question 17

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 17

endochondral ossification

Question 18

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 18

second to fifth month in utero

Question 19

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 19

chondrocranium (inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, occipital)

Question 20

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 20

mandible, sphenoid, temporal, occipital

TOMS

Question 21

Which bones of the appendicular skeletons formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 21

The clavicle

Question 22

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 22

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 23

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 23

subchondral bone

Question 24

What is the name of the outer fiber-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 24

the periosteum

Question 25

What is the name given to the fiber-cellular line of bone?

Answer 25

endosteum

Question 26

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 26

sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographical variation, idiosyncratic variation