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Body Logistics > Cells Into Tissues And Organs > Flashcards

Cells Into Tissues And Organs Flashcards

1
Q

When do cells first coalesce?

What first cells form the baby and placenta?

A

During the Blastocyst stage of Embryogenesis.
The inner cell mass forms the baby
The trophoblast cels form the placenta

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2
Q

Where do all cells in the body come from?

A

All the bodies cells come from the epiblast stage

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3
Q

What is a hypoblast?

A

A yolk sac that feeds the epiblast

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4
Q

List the different ways cells are held together

A

Cell-cell adhesions
Extracellular Matrix Protiens (fibres)
Internal-External scaffolding
Close proximity (pressure effect, cells in middle pushed together)

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5
Q

Describe the structure of connective tissue.

A

Plentiful ECM (scaffold outside cell)
Sparse cell distribution
Matrix rich in fibrous polymers (collagen esp) and bears mechanical stres
Rare that cells directly attached to each other

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6
Q

Describe the structure of epithelial tissue layers.

A

Cells bound tightly together as sheets
ECM rare, mainly thin basal lamina (underlies epithelium)
Cell-cell adhesions bear the mechanical stress
Junctions tie adjacent cells to each other or basal lamina
Intracellular protein filaments cross cytoplasm of cell to join junction in plasma membrane

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue layers?

A

Cells=mature fibroblasts, fixed adipocytes and reticular cells
Fibres=collagen, elastin and reticular fibres
Ground substance=glycosaminoglycans (attract H2O)

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8
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A 
Bind + support
Protect + insulate
Reserve fuel + cells (marrow and fat)
Transport
Separate tissues
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9
Q

List the adherence systems in the lateral surface of epithelial cells

A 
Tight junctions
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Cell adhesion molecules
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10
Q

List the adherence systems of the basal surface of epithelial cells.

A 
Hemi-demosomes
Focal adhesions
Integrins 
Proteoglycans
Cell adhesion molecules
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11
Q

Describe key factors of tight junctions

A

Located at very top of cell, near lumen/apical surface in the lateral border
Long fusion length
Prevent movement of large molecules into copper tissues
Can open in the gut to allow small molecules in

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12
Q

Describe key functions in adhesion junctions

A

Location- 1/3 from luminal surface in the lateral surface
In pairs made from intracellular actin filaments
Linkkk to E-Catherine proteins across intercellular space
Belt of adhesion
Stabilise tissue and act as barrier to transport

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13
Q

Describe key functions in a gap junction

A

In base epithelial, cardiac and smooth muscle cells
Communicate changes in intracellular molecules
Allow free movement of small molecules
Not present in motile cells
Made from cylinders of Connexxion in hexagonal shapes (open+shut)

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14
Q

What is he basic function of a tight junction?

A

It seals neighbour cells in epithelial sheets to prevent molecule leakage

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15
Q

What is the basic function of an adherence junction?

A

To join actin bundles in neighbouring cells

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16
Q

What is the main function of a desomosme?

A

To join intermediate filaments in neighbour cells

17
Q

What is the main function of a gap junction?

A

Allow the passage of water soluble molecules and ions between cells

18
Q

What is the main function of a hemidesmosome?

A

To anchor intermediate filaments to the basal lamina

19
Q

What is the main function of a focal adhesion?

A

To anchor actin to the basal lamina

20
Q

What do all adhesion types require?

A

The presence of Ca2+ ions

21
Q

Describe main structural characteristics of the mucosal membrane.

A

It lines all hollow moist internal organs

It’s continuous with the skin at body openings

22
Q

What is the function of the mucosal membrane?

A

It secretes mucus and protective fluid to-
Stop pathogens and dirt
Maintain hydration
Lubricate surfaces

23
Q

List the layers of the GI tract and briefly describe

A

Mucosa-lines lumen
Muscularis mucosa-thin discontinuous smooth muscle
Submucosa-connective tissue layer with aretery, veins and nerves
Muscularis externa-smooth muscle, inner is circular, outer is longitude
Serosa- connective tissue

24
Q

What is the function of the mucosa in the GI tract? And where do these functions occur?

A

Absorption-in microvilli of mucosa
Pathogen protection-by lymphocytes of mucosa
Moving the contents- muscularis externa
Expelling waste- muscularis externa

25
Q

What type of epithelial cell make sup the corpuscule lining of the urine tract?

A

Squamous epithelium cells

26
Q

What type of cells make up the lining of the collecting duct?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

27
Q

Why does the bladder contain fat?

A

It acts as a shock absorber for when the bladder expands

28
Q

What does the transitional epithelium do in the bladder?

A

The cells distend when full- telling the brain to release urine
The produce protective mucus to preserve tissue from urea
They have tight junctions to prevent leakage of urea

29
Q

What two types of epithelia make up the urethra?

A

Squamous epithelium cells
The outlet has keratinised squamous epithelium to protect from friction
Mucus glands protect from pathogens and aid movement

30
Q

What are the two portions of the respiratory tract and where does each one start and end?

A

The conducting section = nasal cavity to bronchioles

The respiratory section = bronchioles to alveoli

31
Q

What 3 structures make up the trachea and bronchi?

A

The mucosa
The submucosa
And hyaline cartilage
(No smooth muscle layer)

32
Q

Describe the mucosa in the trachea

A

Several cells deep.
Covered in cilia
No longitudinal muscularis mucosa
A very thin lamina propria

33
Q

Describe the submucosa in the trachea

A

Connective tissues- mainly collagen, elastin fibres and fibroblasts
Seromucous glands produce a thin mucus (only thick when infected)

34
Q

Describe the hyaline cartilage and its layers

A

1st layer-perichondrium (fibroblasts lay down collagen)
2nd layer-chrondrogenic (forms cartilage)

Cells can convert from chrondroblasts to chrondrocytes to produce hyaline or cartalige

35
Q

What do the secretions from the trachea and bronchi contain?

A

Mucus + water-sticky mucus
Serum protiens - lubrication
Lysosomes- destroy bacteria
Anti-proteases-inactivate bacterial enzymes

36
Q

What is the mucocillary escalator?

A

When the secretions and cilia wave move mucus up to oral cavity to be swallowed and destroy dangerous cells

37
Q

Describe the secondary and tertiary bronchi.

A

Has pseudostratified and ciliated epithelium
Bound by smooth muscle
Supported by seromucous glands in submucosa
Crescent cartilages

38
Q

Decribe the alveolus structure

A

Capillaries lined with flat epithelium attached to fused basal lamina
Folds in Baal lamina allow expansion of air sacs
Collagen at junctions add rigidity to mucosa-surrounded by elastin to allow recoil
Connective layers of collagen and elastin

Body Logistics (18 decks)

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