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1.3 BB - Cells in Animals and Plants > Cells in Animals and Plants > Flashcards

Cells in Animals and Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Define magnification

A

How much larger an image is compared to the real object

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2
Q

Define resolution

A

The degree at which two objects can be seen as two separate objects rather than one

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3
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Image/Actual

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4
Q

How do you convert micrometers into millimeters?

A

Divide by 1000

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5
Q

How do you convert millimeters into micrometers?

A

Multiply by 1000

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6
Q

Name two types of microscope

A

Light and electron

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7
Q

Which type of microscope has a higher resolution?

A

Electron

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8
Q

Which type of microscope has a higher magnification?

A

Electron

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9
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell which does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

A

Plant, animal, yeast

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12
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

State the function of the nucleus

A

Controls the cell, contains DNA

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14
Q

State the function of the cytoplasm

A

Water-based, where most chemical reactions occur

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15
Q

State the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls which substances enter and leave the cell

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16
Q

State the function of the mitochondria

A

Carry out respiration to release energy

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17
Q

State the function of the chloroplast

A

Absorb sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

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18
Q

State the function of the cell wall

A

Provides strength and support to the cell

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19
Q

State the function of the ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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20
Q

State the function of the vacuole

A

Stores cell sap - a mixture of sugar and salt

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21
Q

Give three examples of specialised animal cells

A

Sperm, muscle, and nerve cells

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22
Q

Give three examples of specialised plant cells

A

Root hair cell, palisade cell, xylem, and phloem

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23
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to swim to the egg?

A

Tail for movement

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24
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to carry messages?

A

Long

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25
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted to contract and relax?

A

Cells can get shorter or longer

26
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted to absorb water?

A

Root hair gives a large surface area

27
Q

How is a palisade cell adapted to carry out photosynthesis?

A

Contains many chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

28
Q

How are xylem and phloem adapted to transport substances around the plant?

A

Form long, hollow tubes

29
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

30
Q

Explain why temperature affects the rate of diffusion

A

Higher temp. means that particles have more kinetic energy and move faster.

31
Q

State how concentration gradient affects the rate of diffusion

A

Greater concentration gradient speeds up diffusion

32
Q

State how surface area affects the rate of diffusion

A

Larger surface area speeds up diffusion

33
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

34
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane which only allows certain substances to pass through (usually small molecules such as water)

35
Q

What happens to a plant cell if placed in pure water? (hypotonic solution)

A

Water moves in to the cell by osmosis and the cell becomes turgid (normal for a plant cell)

36
Q

What happens to an animal cell if placed in pure water? (hypotonic solution)

A

Water moves in to the cell by osmosis and the cell bursts

37
Q

What happens to a plant cell if placed in a concentrated salt solution? (hypertonic solution)

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the cell becomes plasmolysed

38
Q

What happens to an animal cell if placed in a concentrated salt solution? (hypertonic solution)

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the cell shrivels

39
Q

What happens to a plant cell if placed in a dilute salt solution? (isotonic solution)

A

There is no net movement of water so the cell is flaccid

40
Q

What happens to an animal cell if placed in a dilute salt solution? (isotonic solution)

A

There is no net movement of water so the cell is normal

41
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against a concentration gradient) which requires energy

42
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Proteins in the cell membrane which carry substances from one side of the cell to the other using energy to change shape.

43
Q

Give an example of where active transport occurs in plants

A

In the roots, minerals are absorbed by active transport

44
Q

Give an example of where active transport occurs in animals

A

In the small intestine, glucose is absorbed by active transport

45
Q

State the two types of cell division, spelled correctly!

A

Mitosis and meiosis

46
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth and repair

47
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Production of gametes/sex cells

48
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes

49
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with the normal number of chromosomes

50
Q

How many daughter cells are produced during mitosis?

A

2

51
Q

How many daughter cells are produced during meiosis?

A

4

52
Q

Which type of cell division produces genetically identical daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

53
Q

Which type of cell division produces genetically different daughter cells?

A

Meiosis

54
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell

55
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes specialised to perform a particular function

56
Q

What are the two types of stem cells found in animals?

A

Embryonic and adult

57
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells considered more useful than adult stem cells?

A

They are able to differentiate into any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells are only able to differentiate into certain types of cells depending on where they are found

58
Q

How is magnification calculated?

A

image size / actual object

59
Q

What are the two main types of cell?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

60
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.

1.3 BB - Cells in Animals and Plants (1 decks)

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