Cells & Immunity

Question 1

What is used to make a cell more viable?

Answer 1

Stains like iodine are use to make the structures of a cell more visible.

Question 2

What are cells

Answer 2

Every living organism is made up of one or more cells nothing smaller than a cell can lead to independent life and show all characteristics of a living thing.

Question 3

What do onion cells look like?

What do cheek cells look like?

Answer 3

A brick wall.

Little blobs

Question 4

Label the microscope

Answer 4

Coarse focus

Eyepiece

Fine focus

Arm

Objective lens

Specimen

Stage

Light/Mirror

Base

Question 5

Cells are the basic units of living things.

What do cells cells normally contain?

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Question 6

What do plant cells contain?

Answer 6

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Question 7

What dose the nucleus do?

Answer 7

It contains chromosomes that carry instructions to control all the cell activities.

Question 8

What does the cytoplasm do?

Answer 8

The fluid filling of the cell. The process needed to keep the cell alive take place in the cytoplasm.

Question 9

What does the Cell Membrane do?

Answer 9

Controls movement of substances in and out of cells.

Question 10

What does the cell wall do?

Answer 10

Made of cellulose. It gives plant cells their shape, protection and prevents them from bursting.

Question 11

What do Chloroplasts do ?

Answer 11

Site of photosynthesis. Found only in plant cells.

Question 12

What does the Vacuole do?

Answer 12

The vacuole contains a solution of sugars and salts. It helps maintain the shape of a plant cell.

Question 13

Nerve Cell

Answer 13

They have a long insulated fibre to carry electrical messages through the body.

Question 14

Root hair Cell

Answer 14

Have a large surface area to allow them to absorb water and minerals easily from the soil.

Question 15

Sperm Cell

Answer 15

Have a long tail to allow them to swim towards an egg so that fertilisation can take place.

Question 16

Red blood Cells

Answer 16

Has a large surface area and does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for oxygen.

Carry oxygen around the body.

They are small and flexible.

Question 17

Pollen Cell

Answer 17

They are used in plant reproduction and some have spikes to stick to animals and others have small air sacks to catch the wind.

Question 18

White blood cells

Answer 18

Some can change shape to engulf and digest microbes. Others defend the body by producing antibodies.

Question 19

Palisade Cells

Answer 19

They are found near the surface of leaves. They have extra chloroplasts these are need for the plant to produce its own food by the process of photosynthesis.

Question 20

Muscular Cells

Answer 20

They are found all through your body. They can contract to move your bones and they make your heart beat. Or move food through your digestive system.

Question 21

What do Micro-organisms require to grow and reproduce?

Answer 21

Food

Water

A suitable temperature not too hot or too cold

Suitable ph you can add acidic vinegar to change the hp

Can’t be too dry

You can add chemicals like: salt sugar

Question 22

How can we incubate microbes?

Answer 22

By using a Petri dish and nutrient agar

Question 23

Name the three types of microorganisms

Answer 23

Bacteria

Fungi

Viruses

Question 24

What are bacteria?

Answer 24

They are single called organisms that can divide very fast to produce new cells.

Bacteria are found almost everywhere, some can be useful but some are harmful to humans and cause disease.

Question 25

Fungi

Answer 25

They are varied Some like yeast are microscopic. Others like bread mould are made up of tiny threads do three bodies are quite large. Some fungi are very large like mushrooms. Some fungi are helpful, they produces antibiotics, yeast is used in brewing and baking. Some are harmful to humans and cause diseases or can be poisonous to eat.

Question 26

Viruses

Answer 26

They are considered the smallest type to microbe. Viruses are really the worst microbe. They cause diseases in animals and plants.

Question 27

Antibiotics

Answer 27

They help treat and cure bacterial infections. Penicillin is made by a fungus and was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Since then other antibiotics have been discovered there are many available now. You can test them by using a Petri dish that is filled with bacteria. The clear area around the disc indicate no bacterial growth.

Question 28

First line of defence

Answer 28

Lysozyme are enzymes in tears that have antiseptic properties. The skin, it also has sweat that contains lysozymes to kill bacteria. Blood clotting, if the skin is cut the blood clots to form a scab. Cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus Hydronic avid in the stomach kills bacteria Urine flushes microbes away from the bladder.

Question 29

Immunity

Answer 29

The ability of the body to resist infection by a pathogen or to overcome it if it succeeds in invading and infecting the body. Pathogens can sometimes get past the first line of defence barriers.

Question 30

Second line of defence

Answer 30

White blood cells act as the second line of defence. They move towards the bacteria, engulf the bacteria and digest the bacteria. Other types rely on the body to recognise if a cell belongs there or not.

Question 31

Antigens

Answer 31

They are a complex molecule on a cell that is recognised my the body and the White blood cells. The white blood cells recognise your own cells by their “self” antigens. If they find an antigen that they do not recognise then they treat it as a pathogen and produce a an immune response. Antigens are recognised by their shape.

Question 32

Antibody

Answer 32

They attach to the pathogens antigen and clumping them together so they can be destroyed. When a white blood cell meets a pathogen a make antibodies that will fit perfectly for its antigen.

Question 33

Developing Immunity

Answer 33

When you are infected by a pathogen, it takes time for the body to start fight the infection. Your body produces antibodies during this time you will feel ill but will recover when there are enough antibodies. If you are infected by the same pathogen again Cells will act quickly and the pathogen is destroyed before it can make you ill.

Question 34

Vaccinations

Answer 34

You can develop immunity artificially through a vaccine. Vaccines contain a weaker or dead form of the microorganism. That cannot cause the disease but allows the body to learn how to produce the right antibodies.

Question 35

Explain the primary and secondary response that your body’s has when you are vaccinated...

Answer 35

Primary antibody response m: the antibody concentration rises gradually and peaked about 2 weeks after vaccination. Secondary antibody response: the antibody concentration rises quickly and the response is more intense. The antibody concentration remains higher for longer.