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Biology > Cells Daisy > Flashcards

Cells Daisy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Evidence for Cell Theory?

A
  • Invention of microscopes

* Mould growth in oxygen

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1
Q

What are the points of Cell Theory?

A
  • Living organisms are composed of cells
  • Cells are the smallest unit of life
  • Cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Size of a cell membrane?

A

7nm

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3
Q

Size of a virus?

A

30 - 120nm

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4
Q

Size of a bacterium?

A

2 um

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5
Q

Equation for surface area to volume ratio?

A

Surface area / volume ratio

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6
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell that has been specifically designed to carry out a certain function to allow the multicellular organism to survive. They do this by switching some genes on/off.

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7
Q

What is is a stem cell?

A

A cell that can specialise into anything

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8
Q

Name one therapeutic use of a stem cell

A
  • Grafting new skin cells in burn victims
  • Replacing nerve cells in spinal injuries
  • Bone marrow transplants in chemotherapy
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9
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cells that are made of one cell

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10
Q

What is binary fission?

A

How bacterial (prokaryotic) cells divide

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11
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cells that are dependent on more than one of itself to survive.

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12
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A
  • DNA associated with proteins vs naked DNA
  • DNA in nuclear envelope vs DNA in cytoplasm
  • mitochondria vs no mitochondria
  • eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalise their functions
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13
Q

Differences between plant and animal cells?

A
  • Plant cells have chloroplasts
  • Plant cells have a cell wall
  • Plant cells have a vacuole
  • Plant cells have a more structured shape
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14
Q

Two roles of extracellular components?

A
  • Plant cell wall gives it structure and prevents it from bursting under high pressure
  • Animal cell glycoproteins are involved in the support, movement and adhesion of the cell
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15
Q

How do the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids maintain the structure of cell membranes?

A

Keeps it in a fluid state which allows the cell to change it’s shape easily. Hydrophilics face the water and hydrophobics face away from the water to keep structure.

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16
Q

Functions of membrane proteins?

A
  • Hormone binding sites,
  • Electron carriers
  • Pumps for active transport
  • Channels for passive transport
  • Enzymes
17
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

18
Q

Define osmosis

A

The diffusion across water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

19
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

When a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein.

20
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Allows substances to cross the cell membranes by using transport proteins. The carrier proteins bond to these substances, which in turn allows them to change shape.

21
Q

Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes

A

the movement of substances through the membrane using energy from ATP. substances can be moved against the concentration. The cell membrane has protein pumps embedded it which are used to move substances across by using ATP. The cell can control what comes in and what goes out.

22
Q

How are vessels used to transport materials within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane?

A

Vesicles carrying the protein bud off the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transported to the Golgi apparatus to be further modified. After this the vesicles carrying the protein bud off the Golgi apparatus and carry the protein to the plasma membrane. Here the vesicles fuse with the membrane, expelling the modified proteins outside the cell. The membrane then goes back to its original state. This is a process called exocytosis.

23
Q

Define endocytosis

A

The taking in of matter by a living cell by turning its membrane inside out to form a vacuole.

24
Q

Define exocytosis

A

When the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

25
Q

How is the fluidity of the membrane useful?

A

The phospholipids in the cell membrane are in a fluid state allowing the membrane to change its shape, break and reform during endocytosis” It also allows vesicles to fuse with it.

26
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division that creates two daughter cells from a single cell that are the exact same copy as their parent cell.

27
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division that creates two daughter cells from a single cell that have half the chromosomes of their parent cell.

28
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

1) G1 (Gap phase 1) cell grows
2) S (synthesis) genome is replicated
3) G2 (gap phase 2) grows again and separates new genome
4) Spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart

29
Q

What are tumours?

A

The result of uncontrolled cell division that can occur in any organ or tissue.

30
Q

Define interphase

A

Interphase is an active period in the life of a cell during which many metabolic reactions occur such as protein synthesis, DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria and/or chloroplast.

31
Q

Describe prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

A

Prophase - spindle microtubules grow and extend, chromosomes coil

32
Q

Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes

A

the movement of substances through the membrane using energy from ATP. substances can be moved against the concentration. The cell membrane has protein pumps embedded it which are used to move substances across by using ATP. The cell can control what comes in and what goes out.

33
Q

How are vessels used to transport materials within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane?

A

Vesicles carrying the protein bud off the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transported to the Golgi apparatus to be further modified. After this the vesicles carrying the protein bud off the Golgi apparatus and carry the protein to the plasma membrane. Here the vesicles fuse with the membrane, expelling the modified proteins outside the cell. The membrane then goes back to its original state. This is a process called exocytosis.

34
Q

Define endocytosis

A

The taking in of matter by a living cell by turning its membrane inside out to form a vacuole.

35
Q

Define exocytosis

A

When the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

36
Q

How is the fluidity of the membrane useful?

A

The phospholipids in the cell membrane are in a fluid state allowing the membrane to change its shape, break and reform during endocytosis” It also allows vesicles to fuse with it.

37
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division that creates two daughter cells from a single cell that are the exact same copy as their parent cell.

38
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division that creates two daughter cells from a single cell that have half the chromosomes of their parent cell.

39
Q

What are tumours?

A

The result of uncontrolled cell division that can occur in any organ or tissue.

40
Q

Define interphase

A

Interphase is an active period in the life of a cell during which many metabolic reactions occur such as protein synthesis, DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria and/or chloroplast.

41
Q

Describe prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

A

Prophase - spindle microtubules grow and extend, chromosomes coil

Biology (2 decks)

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