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Cells to Systems > Cells, Cell types, Cell features, Organelles > Flashcards

Cells, Cell types, Cell features, Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Order of size from smallest to largest

A

Atoms
Small Molecules
Lipids
Proteins
Virus
Bacteria
Organelles
Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

what are the universal features of Cells.

A

Require genetic information

Require free energy
- To live and r replicate.

Plasma membrane
- Selective barrier
- Concentrate desirable materials e.g. nutrients
- Exclude undesirable materials e.g. waste
products

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3
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology.

A

DNA (hereditary information storage) - DNA synthesis (repliaction)

RNA (Transient info carrier)- RNA synthesis (transcription)

Proteins (e.g. structural; enzymes; transport - Protein Synthesis (translation)

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4
Q

Prokaryotes (6)

A
  • Most diverse
  • Small
  • 0.2-2μm diameter
  • Simple
  • Ribosomes in cytosol
  • Flagellum
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5
Q

Eukaryotic Cells (7)

A
  • Large - 10 x bigger than prokaryotes
  • Complex
  • True nucleus with membrane
  • Multiple specialised organelles (membrane-bound)
  • Larger & complex ribosomes
  • Have cytoskeleton for structure and motility
  • Large genome (much is ‘irrelevant’)
     Yeast 6,300 genes
     Nematode Worm 19,000 genes
     Humans 25-30,000 genes
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6
Q

what are the common features of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (5):

A

Genetic material (DNA)
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Similar basic metabolism

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7
Q

what are the membrane bound organelles (8).

A

Nucleus
mitochondria
ER
Golgi
lysosomes
peroxisomes
chloroplasts
vacuoles

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8
Q

TABLE showing differences.
nucleus
diameter
Membrane bound organelles
Genome

A

Nucleus
P= Absent
E= Present

Diameter
P= 0.2-2pm
E= 10-100pm

membrane bound Organelles
P= Absent
E= Present

Genome
P= Small
E= Large

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9
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic/ eukaryotic unicellular and Eukaryotic multicellular.

A

All Prokaryotes are unicellular- Bacteria e.g. E. coli

Eukaryotic unicellular- Yeast e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Eukaryotic multicellular- Nematode e.g Caenorhabditis elegans

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10
Q

Nucleus (4)
what is it?
what does it contain?
what is it the site of? x2

A

Most prominent organelle
- (3-10μm)

Contains the genome within
nucleoplasm
 chromosomes & proteins

Site of DNA storage

Site of DNA and RNA synthesis

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11
Q

Chromosomes (3)

A

Not always visible

In the nucleus

Condense and become visible as a cell is about to divide

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12
Q

Nucleolus
what is it?
site of what?
role in what?
membrane?
size?

A

sub-nuclear structure
- Site of ribosome production
- role in rRNA synthesis
- Not membrane bound
- Variable in size depending on
number of ribosomes produced

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13
Q

what is a nuclear envelope. (4)
what is it?
what does the envolpe have?
what do these do?
what does it provide?

A

A double lipid bilayer with pores where inner and outer membranes connect.

Envelope is penetrated by pores

Pores act as gates to permit RNA, proteins &
other molecules to move appropriately

Provides QC (=quality control)
- Only mature mRNA leaves the nucleus

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14
Q

what is the nuclear supported by?

A

Supported mechanically by
Fibrous network known as nuclear lamina- composed of intermediate filaments located both Outside and inside the nuclear envelope- provide stability and shape to nucleus.

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Massive membrane system-Interconnecting labyrinth of
branches and flattened sacs

Continuous with nuclear envelope

Central role in lipid and protein biosynthesis and
modification and sorting.

Ribosomes on its surface.

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16
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
what does it not have?
role?
how does it occur?
involved in what?

A

without ribosomes

Lipid synthesis and metabolism

Often occurs within regions of RER

Involved in Ca2+ storage (=rapid cellular
responses)

17
Q

Be able to identify SER and RER

A
18
Q

Golgi
works with what?
function?
made of what?
structure?

A

Works closely with ER

Functions to process, pack & export lipids and proteins

Made of flattened membrane bound
sacs aka cisternae

Two sides and a middle
- Entry side ‘cis’ Golgi (from the ER)
- Middle is ‘medial’ Golgi
- Exit side ‘trans’ Golgi (to the PM)

19
Q

Golgi

A

Lipids & protein enter the golgi

Progress through different
cisternae compartments (via transport vesicles) where they undergo further sugar modifications (glycosylation).

they are then Packed in vesicles

these vesicles exit the Golgi apparatus.

They then fuse to subcellular compartments to deliver their contents:
Cell surface membrane
lysosomes- enzymes within lysosomes breaks down/degrades the contents of the vesicles- waste management and recycling

20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy generation in the cell

Independent genome, ribosomes

Two membranes - Outer & Inner

Inner membrane
- Highly convoluted → Cristae → Large surface
area
- Site of energy generation (ATP)

21
Q

Label Mitochondria

A
22
Q

Lysosomes
type of organelle?
involved in what?
what do they contain?
what do they have to maintain acidity?

A

Acidic organelles

Involved in degradation
- Break down and recycle unwanted organelles (autophagy)
- digest foreign substances that have been phagocytosed (engulfed by the cell) things e.g. bacteria and breaks them down.

Contain acid hydrolases
- a group of enzymes
- work at low (acidic) pH
- break down biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acid, lipids and carbohydrates.

Proton pump (V-ATPase) and Chloride channel to maintain its acidic environment.
- proton pump= H+
- Chloride channel= Cl-
- H+ and Cl- enter lumen (inside) of
lysosome
- this combination makes it ACIDIC (H+ + Cl- = HCl)

23
Q

USE WORD TO
PRACTICE LABELLING ALL THE ORGANELLES!!

A
24
Q

Which ONE of the following components is NOT
found in eukaryotic cells?
1. Rotating flagella
2. Golgi apparatus
3. Mitochondria
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
5. Chromatin

A

Rotating Flagellum

25
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT a common
feature of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  1. Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane
  2. Proteins are synthesised by ribosomes
  3. Genetic information is stored in form of DNA
  4. RNA is used as a template for protein synthesis
  5. Cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall
A

Cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall.

26
Q

Which ONE of the following statements is
INCORRECT?

  1. The prokaryotic chromosome is usually a circular DNA molecule
  2. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane
  3. The ribosomes are distributed throughout the cytoplasm
  4. Eukaryotic DNA is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm
    called the nucleoid
  5. Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than their eukaryotic counterparts
A

Eukaryotic DNA is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm

called the nucleoid.

27
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT a membrane-
bound organelle:

  1. The endoplasmic reticulum
  2. The Golgi apparatus
  3. The mitochondrion
  4. The ribosome
  5. The lysosome
A

Ribosomes

28
Q

Which ONE of the following statements about
cellular structures is INCORRECT?

  1. The nucleus is the site for the storage of the genetic material
  2. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the biosynthesis of lipids
  3. The Golgi is involved in packaging and secretion of prokaryotic cell surface proteins
  4. The mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis
  5. The cytoskeleton is present in eukaryotic cells
A

The Golgi is involved in packaging and secretion of
prokaryotic cell surface proteins.-BEACUSE PROARYOTIC CELL Does NOT HAVE GOLGI.

CYTOKELETON ONLY IN EUKARYOTES!

29
Q

The pH of lysosomes is lower than that of the
cytosol because of the action of:

  1. Na+ and OH− transport proteins in the lysosomal
    membrane
  2. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the plasma membrane
  3. acid-producing enzymes in the lysosomal lumen
  4. H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane
A

H+ and Cl− transport proteins in the lysosomal membrane.

Cells to Systems (11 decks)

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