Cells, Cell Structure, and the Endomembrane System

Question 1

cell wall

Answer 1

protects the cell and holds the structure (plant only)

Question 2

chloroplasts

Answer 2

used during photosynthesis (plant only)

Question 3

central vacuole

Answer 3

storage of nutrients (plant only)

Question 4

smooth ER

Answer 4

storage and synthesis of lipids (plant only)

Question 5

cell membrane

Answer 5

protects the cell and holds its structure

Question 6

cytosol

Answer 6

liquid inside the cell

Question 7

nuclear membrane

Answer 7

barrier between the nucleus and the cytosol

Question 8

nucleus

Answer 8

directs growth, replication, and function of the cell

Question 9

nucleolus

Answer 9

makes ribosomes

Question 10

rough ER

Answer 10

production and export of proteins

Question 11

golgi apparatus

Answer 11

turns simple molecules into complex ones

Question 12

vesicles

Answer 12

transport of materials through the cell

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

produces energy in the form of ATP

Question 14

centrioles

Answer 14

organizes genetic material during cellular reproduction (animal only)

Question 15

free vs bound ribosomes

Answer 15

free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use within the whole cell and are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes
bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for export from the cell and are only found in eukaryotic cells

Question 16

endomembrane system steps

Answer 16

1. RNA code becomes a protein in the rough ER
2. proteins are packaged in vesicles and transported from the rough ER to the golgi app
3. vesicle fuses with the golgi app and deposits the protein within, where the protein is them modified
4. the protein is packaged in a new vesicle, which will travel from the golgi apparatus to the cell membrane
5. the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein outside the cell

Question 17

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 17

theory that states that current eukaryotic cells contain ancestral prokaryotes

Question 18

evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 18

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA (like prokaryotic bacteria) and divide and reproduce through fission

Question 19

cell theory (3 parts)

Answer 19

1. cells are the basic unit of life
2. all organisms are made of cells
3. cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 20

exceptions to cell theory

Answer 20

giant algae, because it is a unicellular organism that can grow to be 100mm in length
aseptate fungi, because it contains long threadlike tubes that are made of one cell but contain many nuclei

Question 21

spontaneus generation

Answer 21

production of living organisms from nonliving matter

Question 22

pasteur’s experiments

Answer 22

disproved spontaneous generation
stored broth in swan-necked flasks after sterilizing it. open flask showed growth, while the closed one didn’t, proving that it was the exposure to air and living molecules that caused new growth.

Question 23

stages of mitosis (in order)

Answer 23

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 24

interphase

Answer 24

longest, DNA replicates, centrioles divide

Question 25

Prophase

Answer 25

nucleolus fades, DNA coils into chromosomes

Question 26

Metaphase

Answer 26

nuclear envelope fades, centrioles attach to the chromosomes using spindle fibers

Question 27

Anaphase

Answer 27

spindle fibers attach and align at the cell poles and the cell membrane fades

Question 28

Telophase

Answer 28

spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes

Question 29

Cytokinesis

Answer 29

cell membrane reforms and two daughter cells are produced

Question 30

purpose of mitosis

Answer 30

cellular reproduction and genetic diversity