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Biology Semester 2 > Cells Building Blocks of life > Flashcards

Cells Building Blocks of life Flashcards

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1
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  • all living things are made up of cells
  • new cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells
  • cells contain genetic materials, which is passed on from parent to daughter cells
  • all metabolic reactions take place in cells
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2
Q

Unicellular

A

Are organisms that are only made up of one cell

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3
Q

Multicellular

A

Are organisms that are made up of more than one cell

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4
Q

Requirements of cells

A
  • energy
  • matter
  • simple nutrients
  • simple molecules and macromolecules
  • remove waste
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5
Q

Cells need energy

A
  • vital to power essential life processes
  • glucose is the primary source of energy used to drive thousands of chemical reactions constantly occurring inside a cell
  • a chemical process where glucose is broken down to provide energy is called cellular respiration
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6
Q

How to cells obtain energy?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • autotrophs use photosynthesis to make their own food
  • heterotrophs consume autotrophs to have energy
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7
Q

Cells need matter

A
  • all cells need large molecules to keep them living
  • is required for communicating and transforming energy and relaying genetic information
  • autotrophs synthesise macromolecules
  • heterotrophs build macromolecules using complex compounds they have ingested and then digested.
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8
Q

Cells need simple nutrients

A
  • organisms use carbohydrates as energy and a starting point, to build macromolecules
  • monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
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9
Q

Monosaccharides

A

is the most basic form of carbohydrate. It is a basic building block for other complexed compounds.

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

when 2 monosacchrides join together. Most commons form of sucrose. Sucrose is split during digestion into glucose and fructose.

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides joined together, used for energy reserves in storage and structural components.

  • Starch: over 6000 glucose molecules
  • Glycogen: used in animals, store energy in liver muscles.
  • Cellulose: found in plant cell walls, tough, insoluble and resistant to being crushed.
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12
Q

Amino Acid

A

Structural subunits required to build proteins

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13
Q

Fatty Acids

A

To build cell membranes

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14
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Are needed to make DNA and RNA

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15
Q

Ions

A

Needed for cells to function effectively

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16
Q

Water

A

Is 70% of the volume of the cells and vital for chemical reactions.

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17
Q

Cells need to remove waste

A

Wastes are often toxic products of metabolism.

  1. Nitrogenous waste- ammonia, Urea and Uric acids.
  2. Water
  3. Ions
  4. Metabloic heat- caused by the chemical reactions ocurring.
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18
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Primitive, simple structure
  • No nucleus- DNA is free in cell
  • No organelles
    E.g. bacteria, blue-green algae
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19
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Proper nucleus (holds DNA)
  • Organelles for specific jobs, help cells reproduce, grow and metabolise.
  • A greater organisation in cell
    E.g. muscle cells, leaf cells
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20
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

A

Cells of a eukaryotic organism contain organelles
- these are membrane-bound subdivisions of the cell and are specialised for a specific function.
Either Plant or Animal cells

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21
Q

Nucleus

A
  • controls activity of cell through DNA
  • a double membrane with small pores for movement in and out of the nucleus
  • contains a nucleolus made up of DNA and RNA, and produces ribosomes.
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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs
  • near cell membrane or nucleus
  • smooth and rough ER
  • Rough ER has ribosomes on membrane surfaces
  • role is to synthesise proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and steroids
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23
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded into CRISTAE
  • membrane-enclosed a matrix
  • own special DNA and ribosomes
  • where cellular respiration takes place and glucose is made
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24
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made of proteins
  • carry out protein synthesis
  • found in large numbers in cells that are involved in protein synthesis
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25
Q

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

A
  • look like flattened sacs
  • continually formed at one end and broken off at the other end as vesicles
  • collect, sort, process and distribute enzymes, lipids, proteins around the cells
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26
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • spherical sacs, containing digestive enzymes
  • fuse with food vacuoles to digest food
  • recycle damaged or dead cells
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27
Q

Cell Wall (plant)

A
  • encloses the cell membrane
  • provides mechanical support and protection
  • made of cellulose
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28
Q

Chloroplast (plant)

A
  • consist of a matrix and flattened sacs
  • contains chlorophyll
  • photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast in glucose
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29
Q

Vacuole

A
  • central vacuol in plant cell
  • contains sap and water
  • storage space for the cell
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30
Q

Compound light microscopes

A
  • light is used to illuminate
  • compound: 2 lenses:
    • Objective lens is closers to the object’
    • Ocular/eyepiece lens is closer to the eye
31
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • controls th movement of substances into and out of cells

- the cell membrane is selectively permeable (only allows some substancee in the cell.

32
Q

Main feautures of the cell membrane

A
  • helps actively transport materials across the cell
  • provides a degree of mechanical suppport to the cell
  • helps maintain the cells shape
  • acts as a receptor for sertain materials and thus maintains the specificity of a particullar cell type
33
Q

Fluid Mosaic Phospholipid Bilayer Model

A

Membrane is a bilayer (2 layers of polar phospholipids)
- head region is surrounded by a water based miture
on the ouside of the cell.
The membrane has proteins scattered throughout the bilipid layer.
The proteins assist with the movement of large molecules such as glucose.
The membrane molecules can move slightly, making the structure fluid.

34
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • Hydrophilic ends face the water environment
  • polar hydrophilic head, - or + charged molecules
  • water loving
35
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • Hydrophobic ends face each other
  • Non-polar hydrophobic tail, neutrally charged
  • Water-hating
36
Q

Diffusion

A

Is the process by which molecules of liquids move from regions of HIGH concentrations to LOW concentrations. i.e. they move from where they is a lot of them to where there is not many.
Is passive- does not require energy
Movement occurs up or down a concentration gradient

37
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

SImple diffusion is the simple and unaided movement of molecules through a cell membrane.
The of the concentrations becoming equal is called a DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM.

38
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Is when large molecules and charged particles can not pass through the membrane without assistance.
Transport proteins assist particles to diffuse across the membrane.

39
Q

Carrier and Transport Proteins

A
  • Carrier proteins bind to specific molecules on one side of the membrane, change shape and then releases substance on the other side.
  • Transport proteins create protein channels to assist certain substances across the membrane. They form a type of passageway and the rate of transport through these channels is very high.
40
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the movement of water molecules, across a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of HIGH concentration of water to a LOW concentration of water molecules. A partially permeable membrane is a membrane with holes in it small enough for only water to go through it.

41
Q

Water Movement

A
  • A ‘weak’ solution will have a high concentration of water molecules. The water has a strong tendency to move.
  • A ‘concentrated’ solution will have a low concentration of water molecules. The water has a weak tendency to move.
42
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

A weak solution or distilled water.
Has fewer solute molecules present and has a high water potential.
Water will enter the cell (water gained), the cell will get bigger and become turgid.
Solute concentration is higher than in the medium.

43
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Solute concentration in the cell is the same as the medium,

Has no osmotic potential- no water movement into or out of the cell. Or an equilibrium.

44
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

A concentrated solution.
Has more solute molecules present and has a low water potential.
Water will leave the cell (cell will lose water), the cell will shrink and become flaccid.
The solute concentration in the cell is lower than in the medium.

45
Q

Limitations to Cell Size

A
  • SA:V ratio will impact the diffusion of molecules
  • Cells cannot grow beyond a certain size.
  • The cell will not be able to diffuse materials at the required rate if the cell is too large.
  • Cell will burst
46
Q

Surface Area

A

The SA of a cell is the outside area of the cell. The function of the cells surface area is to control the removal of waste and absorption of nutrients.

47
Q

Volume

A

The V of a cell is the amount of substance inside a cell. The volume of a cell determines the metabolic needs and waste products.

48
Q

SA:V ratio

A

As the cells, SA and V increases, the ratio of the cells get smaller. The cell will have a relatively small SA compared to its volume.
The decrease in SA:V will limit the efficiency with which substances can move into and out of the cell. Therefore movement will occur at a more efficient rate if the cell has a larger surface area compared to its volume.

49
Q

Active transport compared to Passive transport

A

Passive moves ions from high to low concentrations, active moves ions from low to high concentrations. Passive doesn’t require energy, active does need energy.

50
Q

What is Cellular Energy needed for?

A

A cell needs a constant supply of energy to grow, reproduce and to stay alive. Energy has the ability to work or cause change.

51
Q

What are the different forms of energy?

A

Electrical, chemical and mechanical. These can be divided into Kinetic energy (energy of motion) and Potential energy (stored energy)

52
Q

Energy Conservation

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transferred or transformed. Disorder is a natural state of systems and energy is required to maintain order.

53
Q

Energy efficiency

A

Cells/systems are not 100% efficient, as energy is lost through transfer. Can be lost as heat.

54
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical reactions occuring in the cell

55
Q

Anabolism

A

Chemical reactions in which large molecules are built up (assembled), usually with a net input of energy.

56
Q

Catabolism

A

Chemical reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (cuts up), usually accompanied by the release if energy.

57
Q

Endergonic

A

Describes a chemical reaction requiring input of energy. Absorbs energy

58
Q

Exergonic

A

Describes a chemical reaction in which energy is released.

59
Q

Activation Energy

A

Is the energy required for the reaction to occur.

60
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are globular proteins, which lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place. They speed up the actual rate of the reaction without altering the temperature at which the reaction occurs.

61
Q

‘Induced fit’ hypothesis

A

Is the idea that the active site of an enzyme,after initially attracting a specific substrate, can change in order to suit the substrate’s shape and in doing so affects the shape of the substrate and thus lowers its activation energy requirements.

62
Q

What is the active site?

A

The active site is the portion of an enzyme in contact with the substrate; at this point it will have a specific shape which corresponds to the shape of at least a portion of the substrate molecule.

63
Q

The ‘lock and key’ hypothesis

A

Is the hypothesis explaining the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate in terms of the shapes of the molecules.

64
Q

Properties of enzymes

A
  • Act as catalyst and speed up reactions.

- Not consumed during reactions, easy for reactions to occur.

65
Q

What is the substrate?

A

A substrate is the thing that combines the enzymes to the active site.

66
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Is the process in which autotrophs create energy and glucose, and O2 is released. Occurs in the Chloroplast (green leaves)
CO2 + H2O+Light = O2 + Glucose

67
Q

Light dependent

A

Light and water is needed to produce ATP (energy) and oxygen

68
Q

Light independent

A

This can be done without light. CO2 and the energy produced in the light dependent stage is needed to produce glucose. Excess is stored as starch.

69
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate), is a type of molecule that acts as an energy-carrying molecules in cells. It is the energy produced in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis. It is used to provide energy for cellular reactions and is the energy source for; anabolic processes, movement, active transpot, secreation and activation of chemicals.

70
Q

What effects the reaction rate of enzymes?

A

Temperature and pH levels, and the enzyme concentration and the substrate concentration.

71
Q

What is chemosynthesis

A

It is the formation of complex organic molecules from simple organic molecules, using chemical energy. Without light, organisms use chemicals (from other organisms) to produce their own energy.

72
Q

Solar Radiation

A

Is the suns energy

73
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiations and wavelengths. The energy from the sun contains the entire EM spectrum. Only a portion of the spectrum may be used by organism.

74
Q

The Role of Pigments

A

They are molecules that absorb/reflect sunlight. Organisms must absorb energy to be used. E.g. red pigments reflect red light and absorb all other wavelengths, making it visible to the human eye.

Biology Semester 2 (1 decks)

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