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Foundations of Life Science > Cells & Body Systems > Flashcards

Cells & Body Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 Structural Levels of Cell Organization?

A
  1. Chemical (atoms & molecules)
  2. Cell (smallest independent living unit)
  3. Tissue (cell groups w/similar function and structure)
  4. Organ (Specific Function, may contain several tissue types)
  5. System (many organs/tissues contributing to survival needs)
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2
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A

Used for energy to drive chemical reactions of cells

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3
Q

Function of Proteins & Lipids

A

Building molecules for cells

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4
Q

Elements that a cell contains

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm (cytosol & organelles)
  3. Nucleus
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth/rough)
  7. Golgi Apparatus
  8. Lysosomes
  9. Microfilaments & microtubules
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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A lipid and protein layer that contains the parts of a cell, is semi-permeable and regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell. Small molecules can pass but large ones cannot.

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Found inside the plasma membrane and cytosol. Structures with specific functions.

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle. Contains chromosomes (DNA & genes). Give organelles instructions of how to build the cell.

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sausage shaped structures responsible for power to the cell and extracts energy from glucose and give off CO2.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small granular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

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10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Interconnected membraneous canals.
Rough - studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis
Smooth - lipid & steroid hormone synthesis, drug detoxification

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Membranous sacs. Processing & packaging of proteins.

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing enzymes, break down food and unwanted materials

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13
Q

Microfilaments

A

Support and maintain cell shape

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14
Q

Microtubules

A

Aid in movement of cell and organelles

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of cells from high to low concentrations.

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water down a concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane.

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17
Q

Name the 12 major body systems

A
  1. Integumentary System (skin)
  2. Cardiovascular System
  3. Lymphatic System
  4. Respiratory System
  5. Skeletal System
  6. Muscular System
  7. Nervous System
  8. Endocrine System
  9. Digestive System
  10. Urinary Sytem
  11. Immune Sytem
  12. Reproductive System
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18
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin. Protects the body and prevents water loss.

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19
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.

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20
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Helps circulate body fluids and fights infection.

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21
Q

Respiratory System

A

Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

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22
Q

Skeletal System

A

Provides body support, protection and movement.

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23
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows movement and helps produce heat.

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24
Q

Nervous System

A

Regulates body functions and allows self-awareness.

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25
Q

Endocrine System

A

Produces hormones to regulate body functions.

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26
Q

Digestive System

A

Digests food then absorbs nutrients into the blood.

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27
Q

Urinary System

A

Filters blood to maintain correct composition of body fluids.

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28
Q

Immune System

A

Protects the body from infection.

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29
Q

Reproductive system

A

Produces new individuals.

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30
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from high to low pressure gradient with no energy required.

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31
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of similar cells organized to carry out a specific function.

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32
Q

Types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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33
Q

Types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal (bicep, voluntary movement)
  2. Smooth/Visceral (intestine, involuntary)
  3. Cardiac (highly specialized)
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34
Q

Organ

A

Body part specialized to perform a specific function often consisting of several different tissue types.

35
Q

Enzymes

A

Control chemical reactions within the cell.

36
Q

Genes

A

Carry molecular code, instruct the ribosomes to produce specific enzymes. Genes carry the “blueprint” for the cell.

37
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of the body’s internal environment within a tolerable range despite changes in the external environment.

38
Q

Negative Feedback Control

A

The effector response decreases or negates the effect of the original stimulus to maintain/restore homeostasis.

39
Q

Three Main Control Systems of Negative Feedback

A
  1. Receptor/sensor - detects change
  2. Control Center - Determines limits of given parameter and integrates new info
  3. Effector - receives input from control center and brings about change
40
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Continuation of the stimulus increases the body’s reaction. Reaction stops when stimulus stops. ex: release of oxytocin during labor

41
Q

Internal Communication Systems

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

42
Q

External Communication Systems

A
  1. Special senses
  2. Verbal
  3. Non-verbal
  4. Nervous system
43
Q

3 Main Body Transport Systems

A
  1. Blood
  2. Circulatory System
  3. Lymphatic System
44
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells - transport O2 and C02 from the lungs and body

45
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, protection agains infection and foreign substances

46
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes - tiny fragments that aid in blood clotting

47
Q

3 Types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries - transport blood from the heart
  2. Veins - transport blood to the heart
  3. Capillaries - link arteries to veins (also site of exchange for substances between blood and body tissues - nutrients, waste products, 02)
48
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymph vessels which are blind-ended tubes in spaces between blood capillaries and tissue cells.
  2. Lymph fluid - tissue fluid that contains material drained from tissue spaces including plasma proteins and bacteria or cell debris.
  3. Lymph nodes - situated along various points of the vessels and filter the lymph fluid as it passes. Microtubes and other materials are removed.
49
Q

Nervous system

A

Responsible for internal communication. Consists of:

  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • peripherial nervous system (network of nerve fibres)
50
Q

Sensory/Affervent Nerves

A

Transmit signals from the body to the brain

51
Q

Motor/Effervent Nerves

A

Transmit signals from the brain to muscles and glands.

52
Q

Endocrine system

A

Contains discrete glands which synthesize and secrete hormones.

53
Q

Aetiology

A

The study of the causes of disease

54
Q

Iatrogenic

A

A condition that has resulted from treatment as either an unforeseen or inevitable side-effect.

55
Q

Inflammation

A

Tissue response to damage, trauma or infection. Ends in “-itis” for example appendicitis.

56
Q

Tumors

A

Abnormal cells that escape body surveillance and proliferate. Usually ends in “-oma”, for example carcinoma.

57
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of complex proteins from simpler ones.

58
Q

Catabolism

A

The chemical decomposition of complex substances in the body to form simpler ones. Usually accompanied by a release of energy.

59
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance that is released from nerve endings to transmit impulses across synapses to other nerves.

60
Q

Acidosis

A

Acidity of body fluids is abnormally high.

61
Q

Alkalosis

A

Acidity of body fluids is abnormally low.

62
Q

Amino acids contain which elements

A

C, H, O, N,

63
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Formed when 2 amino acids join together. 1 molecule of water is expelled in the process.

64
Q

3 types of amino acids in the basic human structure

A
  1. Amino Group - NH2
  2. Carboxyl Group - COOH
  3. Hydrogen Atom
65
Q

4 Biologically Active Protein Substances found in the human body

A
  1. Carrier molecules (hemoglobin)
  2. Enzymes
  3. Hormones (insulin)
  4. Antibodies
66
Q

When is protein used as an energy source?

A

During starvation. Causes muscle wastage as muscles are the body’s primary source of protein.

67
Q

What are lipids?

A

A group of naturally occurring compounds that are insoluble in water.

68
Q

What are the four types of lipids?

A
  1. Phospholipids - integral to cell membrane structure.
  2. Fats/Triglycerides - stored in adipose tissue.
  3. Prostaglandins - chemicals derived from fatty acids, involved in inflammation.
  4. Cholesterol - integral part of cell membranes & used in steroids. Produced by liver and found in diet.
69
Q

Neucleic Acids

A

Largest molecule in the body built by nucleotides. Include DNA and RNA.

70
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

Nucleotide that contains ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups attached to the ribose.

71
Q

What three things require chemical energy?

A
  1. Drive synthetic reactions (building molecules)
  2. Fuel movement
  3. Transport substances across the cell membrane.
72
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that act as a catalyst for chemical & biochemical reactions. Proteins are not changed by this reaction and can be used over and over again.

73
Q

Substrate

A

Specific substance upon which an enzyme acts. It binds to the “active site” on the enzyme. When the reaction is complete, the products of the reaction brea away from the enzyme and the “active site” is ready for use again.

74
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

When an enzyme catalyzes 2 or more substrates into a large product.

75
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breakdown of a substrate into 2 or more small produces (ie digestion).

76
Q

Active movement in body fluids

A

When movement occurs agains the pressure gradient. Requires energy, usually in the form of ATP.

77
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of substances along the concentration gradient. Occurs with gases, liquids and solutions. Speed of diffusion can be increased with an increase in temperature or concentration of diffusing substance.

78
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water down a concentration gradient.

79
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure with water is drawn into a solution through a semi-permeable membrane.

80
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Two solutions that have the same concentration or osmotic pressure.

81
Q

Hypotonic Red Blood Cells

A

Plasma is more dilute than the surrounding fluid. Water moves into the cell through osmotic pressure causing it to burst.

82
Q

Hypertonic Red Blood Cells

A

Plasma is more concentrated than the surrounding fluid. Water moves out of the cell along the concentration gradient causing the cell to shrink.

83
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Made up of blood, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and fluids in the interstitial spaces of the body. A small about also does lubrication (joint fluid, etc). This bathes all body cells except the outer skin cells. It is the medium through which substances pass between the cells and blood.

84
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

Largely controlled by the individual cell. Usually contains higher levels of potassium, ATP, and protein than outside the cell. Also lower levels of sodium than outside the cell.

Foundations of Life Science (5 decks)

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