Cells as the Basis of Life (Tillie)

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

Cells are the structural unit of living things, known as the “building blocks” that make up organisms, and they are also functional units as organisms are made up of many cells, therefore when we refer to what they do we also refer to cells

Question 2

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 2

Cell Theory is a unifying concept as it unifies all living things as they are the basic structural unit and functional unit of life.

Question 3

Describe Cell Theory

Answer 3

includes the idea that all cells come from a previous cell that contain hereditary information, all living things are complex and have organised structures, cells take in energy from their surrounding environment and use it, cell’s have an internal composition that is chemically different from external environment, and cells respond to stimuli, reproduce themselves and grow.

Question 4

Describe what the cell membrane is?

Answer 4

The cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, separates the cell from its surroundings and controls the exchange of materials, including nutrients and wast, between the cell and its environment

Question 5

Describe the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 5

The model proposes that the cell membrane is a fluid mosaic as it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules embedded in and through the layer at various point.
Fluid: as phospholipids are constantly moving
Mosaic: proteins embedded in membrane

Question 6

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

• Size: prokaryotes are smaller in size compared to eukaryotes
• DNA: the DNA is circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes
• nucleus: there is no nucleus in prokaryotes and is a nucleus in eukaryotes
• internal organisation: little internal organisation in prokaryotes and high level internal organisation in eukaryotes
• location of chromosomes: DNA in prokaryotes is in cytoplasm, DNA in eukaryotes in nucleus

Question 7

What is the structure and function of nucleus?

Answer 7

Structure: nucleus is composed of two membrane layers called the nuclear envelope and it contains nuclear pores lined with proteins
Function: controls the activity of the cell and stores genetic information (DNA)

Question 8

What is the structure and function of the nucleolus

Answer 8

Structure: a circular region not bounded by membrane in the nucleus that is composed of DNA and proteins
Function: produces and assembles cell ribomosomes

Question 9

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

Answer 9

Structure: has an outer membrane and an inner membrane which is folded to form structures of cristae
Function: involved in the latter stages of aerobic respiration using O2 and glucose to release energy to be stored in ATP

Question 10

What is the structure and function of chloroplast?

Answer 10

Structure: Only found in plants and are a type of plastid. It has 2 outer membranes and inside there is a system of flattened sacs called thylakoids which are arranged into stacks of grana (singular granum). Fluid called stroma surrounds the membrane out sacs
Function: photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll, is stored in thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis

Question 11

What is the structure and function of vacuole?

Answer 11

Structure: a fluid filled space bounded by a membrane. Most plants contain large central vacuole.
Function: maintaining balance of water and salt for the cell and is a place to store organic compounds such as proteins and sugars and inorganic compounds such as ions (potassium and chloride)

Question 12

What is the structure and function of golgi body?

Answer 12

Structure: sticky of flattened sacs made of smooth membranes
Function: involved in the packing and secretion of proteins and carbohydrates manufactured by the cell

Question 13

what is the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 13

Structure: system of membranes that extends throughout the cytoplasm from the nuclear envelope to cell membrane. Forms intricate network of pathways
Function: involved in transport of materials
RER structure: attached ribosomes
Function: site of protein and membrane synthesis
SER: no attached ribosomes
Function: involved in metabolic processes such as lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

Question 14

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

Answer 14

Structure: made up of RNA and protein, and is enclosed by a membrane
Function: site of protein and membrane synthesis

Question 15

What is the structure and function of lyosome

Answer 15

Structure: vesicle, membrane enclosed containing digestive enzymes
Function digests macromolecules

Question 16

Describe what prokaryotic cells are

Answer 16

A single-cell organism that lacks a nucleus are other membrane bound organelles and belongs to domains of bacteria and archaea

Question 17

Describe what eukaryotic cells are

Answer 17

An organism that possess a clearly defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles. They can range from single-cell organisms to complex multicellular organisms like animals and plants

Question 18

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

Structure: network of fibres throughout cytoplasm, it is made up of three main components microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. The components are made up of protein moleules that can be assembled to form long filaments and hollow tubules.
Function: gives cell shape, involved in cell movement, holds organelles in place and provides cell strength

Question 19

What is the structure of plant cells

Answer 19

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles (large central), Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes and cytoskeleton

Question 20

What is the structure of animal cells

Answer 20

Cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, vacuoles (small), Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Question 21

What do cells require?

Answer 21

Cells require inputs of suitable forms of energy, including light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules

Question 22

What are autotrophs?

Answer 22

Organisms that make the energy rich compounds they need from simple inorganic susbstance, and energy for synthesis reactions, commonly from sun, using physical energy

Question 23

What are heterotrophs

Answer 23

Organisms that cannot make energy rich compounds their self, therefore they rely on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, using chemical energy

Question 24

What is photosynthesis and why is it important?

Answer 24

Photosynthesis is the process when light energy is used to synthesis complex organic compounds from simple organic substances. It is a fundamental chemical process that provides photsynthic autotrophs with food and also takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by replacing it with oxygen

Question 25

What is the equation for photosynthesis

Answer 25

6CO2 + 6H2O - light/chlorophyll --> C6H12O6 +6O2

Question 26

what is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 26

C6H12O6 +6O2 --------> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 27

What is the worded equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 27

Glucose + Oxygen -----> Carbon dioxide + water

Question 28

What is the worded equation for photosynthesis

Answer 28

Carbon dioxide + water -----> Glucose + oxygen

Question 29

What is anerobic respiration?

Answer 29

respiration that does not require oxygen to generate energy from glucose

Question 30

Why is anerobic repsiration important in plants and yeast

Answer 30

to provide them energy when oxygen is unavailable

Question 31

why is aerobic respiration important

Answer 31

as it converts oxygen and food (glucose) into energy that eukaryotes require to survive

Question 32

what is the worded equation for fermentation in plants and yeast

Answer 32

glucose -------> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 33

What is chemical equation for fermentation in plants and yeast

Answer 33

C6H12O6 ---------> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Question 34

why is anerobic respiration important in animals

Answer 34

to produce energy for the cells when undergoing exercise, ensuring that blood is being delivered to cells under stress

Question 35

What is the worded equation for fermentation in animals

Answer 35

glucose -------> lactic acid

Question 36

What is the chemical equation for fermentation in animals

Answer 36

C6H12O6 ------->2C3H6O3

Question 37

How much energy is released through aerobic respiration

Answer 37

36 ATP yield per glucose

Question 38

how is energy released in aerobic respiration

Answer 38

Through the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen as the energy in the reactants is greater than the energy in the products.

Question 39

how much energy is released in fermentation

Answer 39

2 ATP yield per glucose

Question 40

how is energy released in anerobic respiration

Answer 40

through the breakdown of glucose molecule through glycolysis, in which a glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, releasing electrons in the process and producing two ATP molecules, the energy of the cells.

Question 41

What happens to energy when new bonds are formed

Answer 41

The formation of chemical bonds releases energy

Question 42

what happens to energy when chemical bonds break

Answer 42

When the chemical bonds that hold atoms together are needed to be broken energy is required

Question 43

is energy required or released when chemical bonds are broken

Answer 43

Required

Question 44

is energy required or released when new bonds are formed

Answer 44

Released

Question 45

why do cells require input of matter

Answer 45

To provide them with the materials needed to grow and carry out life processes

Question 46

why do cells require output of matter

Answer 46

remove cell waste

Question 47

What are the inputs in autotrophs

Answer 47

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, calcium, inorganic nutrients

Question 48

What are the outputs in autotrophs

Answer 48

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethanol

Question 49

What are the inputs in heterotrophs

Answer 49

Oxygen, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, calcium, inorganic nutrients, organic compound

Question 50

What are the outputs in heterotrophs

Answer 50

Carbon dioxide, lactic acid, urea

Question 51

What is diffusion

Answer 51

Occurs through the membrane bilayer where movement of one substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached, the transport is passive

Question 52

What is facilitated diffusion

Answer 52

Substances moved from high concentration to lower concentration through the involvement of proteins embedded throughout membrane, passive transport

Question 53

what is osmosis

Answer 53

The diffusion of water through passive transport to maintain salt and water balance and cell shape

Question 54

what is active transport

Answer 54

Is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient with the input of energy and carrier protein

Question 55

what is endocytosis

Answer 55

When cells take in particles or large molecules by enclosing them in a membranous vacuole, being two main types phagocytosis (intake of particles when the membrane invaginates in the vicinity of the particle enclosing it into a vacuole then breaks away from membrane into cytoplasm) and Pinocytosis (intake of liquids or large molecules unto tiny vesicles that form on cells cerface

Question 56

what is exocytosis

Answer 56

Is the secretion of material produced by the cell involving the packing of materials into a vesicle that migrates to the membrane to be fused and release contents)

Question 57

How does the structure of a membrane facilitate different processes of movement

Answer 57

The phospholipids of plasma membranes are amphipathic: they have both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) regions. The hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane helps some materials move through the membrane, while it blocks the movement of others.

Question 58

What is the role of transport proteins, including channel and carrier proteins

Answer 58

Channel proteins: bind certain ions/molecules and Carrie’s them through membrane Carrier proteins: change shape as they bind to specific molecules to assist in transporting them from one side of the membrane to another

Question 59

How is the exchange of materials affected by surface-area-to-volume ratio

Answer 59

As cell size increases its surface area to volume ration decreases, meaning less relative surface area is being exposed to the environment compared to cell volume Thus if the cell has to low of a surface area to volume ratio the exchange of material with extra cellular space decreases

Question 60

How is the exchange of materials affected by concentration gradients

Answer 60

In diffusion and osmosis particules move with the concentration gradient from high to low, thus the greater the difference in concentration the rate of exchange increases

Question 61

How is the exchange of materials affect the physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged

Answer 61

The type of particle exchanged is important as small uncharted particles such as O2 and CO2 can pass through the membrane easily via diffusion and larger/charged particles such as glucose and ions require assistance from channel proteins, carrier proteins or endocytosis

Question 62

What is cell metabolism and why is important

Answer 62

As cells need to synthesis a large number of compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids and break down compounds such as glucose provide

Question 63

What are biochemical processes in cells influenced by

Answer 63

by the nature and arrangement of internal membranes and the presence of specific enzymes

Question 64

how does the structure of the internal membranes of mitochondria facilitate biochemical processes

Answer 64

The cristae provide large surface area for the attached ent of enzymes such as ATP synthesis that plays an important role in aerobic respiration. The folded inner membranes of the mitochondria are the main site of ATP production

Question 65

how does the structure of the internal membranes of chloroplast facilitate biochemical processes

Answer 65

Thylakoids contain photosynthetic pigments that are able to trap light energy for photosynthesis

Question 66

Explain the importance of regulated steps in metabolic pathways

Answer 66

Ensures the reaction does not occur too rapid, preventing the cell burning up and maximises the amount of energy stored in ATP molecules during the process

Question 67

Explain the importance of steps producing intermediate compounds in metabolic pathways

Answer 67

Allows a starting point for other reactions

Question 68

Why, at each step, does energy release in metabolic pathways

Answer 68

So energy can be trapped by energy molecules like ATP

Question 69

Why are specific enzymes required at each step in metabolic pathways

Answer 69

To decrease the time chemical processes occur as if not them chemical processes would occur to slowly or not at all

Question 70

What are biochemical processes in cells influenced by

Answer 70

Presence of enzymes, thus affected by temperature, pH, the presence of inhibitors, concentration of reactants and concentration of enzyme

Question 71

What are possible benefits of the chemicals used by humans

Answer 71

- development of drugs and vaccines - cleaning agents (remove microorganisms from surfaces - preservatives - biotechnology applications Etc..

Question 72

What are the possible harmful effects of chemicals used by humans

Answer 72

Harmful effect depends on type of chemical, exposure level, exposure duration and individual susceptibility - respiratory issues - carcinogens - reproduction issues - skin and eye irritation

Question 73

Why does the amount of DNA double in a cell before division

Answer 73

In multicellular organisms cells need to be continually replaced, thus each of the new cells must relieve a copy of the genetic information stored in DNA. This caused DNA in a cell to be replicated before the cell divides to ensure that when the cell divides each new cell will recieve the same amount of DNA containing identical information

Question 74

describe and explain the process of binary fission in prokaryotes

Answer 74

- The Dna is formed into a single double helix ring called nucleotide - DNA duplicated before division - both nucleotides attach to the cell membrane by proteins near the middle of the cell - the cell grows and the loops of DNA (chromosomes) move apart - the cell pinches across the equator giving rise to two identical daughter cells

Question 75

describe and explain the process of mitosis in eukaryotes

Answer 75

Mitosis is the replication of eukayotic cells that doesnt involve gametes - Interphase: this is where cells spend 90% of their time, with cells growing and chemical reactions occurring, and metabolic activity. During this phase the chromosomes replicate but do NOT condense and are still present in loosely packed chromatin, the centrioles also duplicate forming 2 pairs that line up just out side of nucleus - Prophase: in prophase there are 2 stages early prophase and late prophase. In early chromosomes begin to condense and become visible as loose X-shapes (sister chromatids joined by centromere). In late (prometaphase_ the nuclear membrane fragments, chromosomes condense furher and the microtubels of mitotic spindle invade there area of the nucleus to connect to the kinetochore on centromere region - Metaphase: the centriole pairs move to opposite ends of the cell, the chromosomes convene to the metaphase plate, centromeres are aligned and the chromosomes lie with long aces at roughly right angles o the spindle, then microtubels of spindles connect to centromere - Anaphase: this is where chromtids move apart, with each crhomatid. The spindle pulls on the chromosomes towards poles (end of cell) and at the same time poles of the cell move futher apart. - Telophase: the polar fibres extend the cell further and the daughter nuclei begins to form from the fragments of the parent nuclear membrane, cleavage furrow forms and the nucleoli reappears and the chromatin fibre uncoils - Cytokinesis: where the division of the cytoplasm occurs along the cleavage furrow which pinches the cell in two.

Question 76

What is glycolysis

Answer 76

A metabolic process where glucose is broken down under anerobic conditions through a series of small steps through the metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm, where a specific enzyme catalyses each step, with intermediate compounds produced by enzymes. In glycolysis 2 ATP molecules are used to turn glucose into 2 pyruvates which causes 4 ATPs to be produced, and a net gain of 2 as 2 ATPs were used in the start of reaction.

Question 77

What is the energy pathway of glycolysis

Answer 77

Each step in glycolysis is regulated, with each step being catalysed by a specific enzyme. In each step there is an intermediate compound produced that is converted to the next intermediate compound . Thus the step conversion of glucose to pyruvate enables the cell to control the process, minimising rapid reactions and maximise amount of energy stored in ATP molecule in the process.

Question 78

What is a diploid cell

Answer 78

Two chromosomes of the same type make up an homologous pair, a cell that contains homologous chromosomes os called diploid cell.

Question 79

What is a haploid cell

Answer 79

Cells that have only one chromosomes from each homologous pair.

Question 80

What is asexual reproduction in eukaryotes

Answer 80

it is the propagation of an organisms without fertilisation, meaning genetically identical copies of the parent cell is produced, with it done through mitosis

Question 81

Describe the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

Answer 81

ATP synthesis primarily occurs in the mitochondria, with a small amount in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes, where an inorganic phosphate is added to APD with the energy to add the third phosphate group coming from respiration. It can be summerised by this equation: APD+ Pi + energy ------> ATP

Question 82

Describe the conversion of ATP to ADP and Pi which releases energy for some metabolic reactions

Answer 82

ATP molecules have three phosphate groups therefore when reacted with water a process called ATP hydrolysis occurs with the bond between the second and third phosphate group breaking to form APD and Pi plus a net energy that the cell uses to work. It can be summarised by this equation: ATP ------> ADP + Pi + energy

Question 83

describe the phases of meiosis in eukaryotic cells

Answer 83

in meiosis there is two consecutive cell division called meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Meiosis 1 this is a reduction processes where its purpose is to halve the chromosome number. - Interphase: there is a pair of homologous pairs in the diploid parent cell, the chromosomes are duplicated, with now there being a pair of duplicated homologous chromosomes with sister chromatids, causing a diploid cell with duplicated chromosomes. - Prophase: the nuclear envelope is broken and the chromosomes begin condensing and each pairs with it homolog. The homologs align themselves gene by gene and allow crossing over to occur, where the dna molecule of nonsister chromtids are broken by an enzyme causing fragments to rejoing and form new combinations of alleles. At the same time centrosomes begin producing spindle fibres that attach to the centromeres of each homolog. Metaphase 1: pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate through independent assortment. both chromtids of the homolog are attached to spindle fibres at opposite ends. Anaphase 1: the homologs move toward opposite ends of the cell Telophase 1: chromosomes move further apart and the nuclear membrane reforms from the parent cells fragments Cytokinesis 1: a cleavage furrow forms that pinches the cell into 2, creating 2 haploid daughter cells. Meiosis 2 - prophase 1: spindle apprapatus forms, chromosomes duplicate with each still composed of two sister chromatids. - Metaphase 2: the chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase and the centromeres are attached to spindle fibres from opposite ends - Anaphase 2: the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell - Telophase 2: the nuclei forms and the chromosomes begin decondensing - Cytokinesis: the cell divides into two forming four haploid cells

Question 84

explain why products of meiosis are haploid cells and contain a single set of chromosomes

Answer 84

when combined with other gamete through random fertilisation the diploid number is restored

Question 85

why is crossing over and independent assortment important

Answer 85

increase genetic variation which significant in evolution when conditions in environment change genetic variation means more chance of offspring surviving, if all the same variation all will either survive or not

Question 86

how is the diploid number restored

Answer 86

through random fertilisation

Question 87

compare the products of meiotic and mitotic cell division

Answer 87

meiosis produces four cells and reduces the number of chromosome set from diploid (2) to haploid (1), produces genetically different cells from parent cell and each other Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to parent and another, diploid number stays the same

Question 88

why is there more genetic variation in the products of sexual production compared to asexual production

Question 89

describe the stages in cell cycle (include checkpoints)

Answer 89

4 phases G1, G2, S = interphase M = mitosis and cytokinesis - G1: cell is growing and carrying out cell functions - G1 checkpoint: checks for cell growth, DNA damage, and that the cell has the resources it needs - S: DNA is replicated - G2: further preparation for cell division and cell growth - G2 checkpoint: checks for cell growth, DNA replicated correctly and cell has the nutrients it needs - M: mitotic division and cytokinesis - M Checkpoint: checks at metaphase for correct chromosome alignment and spindle attachment

Question 90

role of hormones in regulating cell division

Answer 90

- hormose is released by a signal cell and attaches to specific cell membrane receptors which contain a complementary #D shape to hormose on a target cell bidning leads to transcription and translation within cell to produce gene product that stimulates or inhibits cell division

Question 91

explain the effect of carcinogens on cell division

Answer 91

affects the cells ability to participant in cell cycle correctly as they disable the checkpoints meaning now growth factors are required to move from one checkpoint to the next, and in some cases cancer cells have the ability to secrete growth hormones which cause blood vessels to direct over to them away from healthy cells

Question 92

Describe 3 techniques of cell culture

Answer 92

SPRAY ON SKIN: healthy sample of skin cells from individual are collected and immersed in an enzyme solution to form a suspension liquid. The liquid includes keratinocytes, fibroblasts and melanocytes, which are cell types that are involved in wound healing. Then the suspension liquid is sprayed onto the burn wound, providing even and broad distribution of living cells across whole of wound. - VACCINCE PRODUCTION: using cell lines to manufacture vacines such as influenza vaccine to test for drug efficancy, optimal dosage and side effects - CANCER RESEARCH: looking at gene controll, changes in cell structure and function over time

Question 93

discuss the limitations and applications of the contemporary examples of cell culturing

Answer 93

Limitations - cost - time consuming - contamination Advantages - millions grow in small space - detect mutations and the organisms carrying them - study mutant cells lacking enzyme - avoid ethical issues

Question 94

What is the krebs cycle

Answer 94

Then the products from glycolysis go through the Krebs Cycle in the mitochondria, with enzymes again catalysing each step, and intermediate compounds produced. The Krebs cycle allows further breakdown of pyruvate while also releasing CO2 as a byproduct.

Question 95

what is electron transport chain

Answer 95

This cycle then results in the oxidative phosphorlyation electron transport where electrons are transferred across electron transport chain and water is produced as a byproduct.

Question 96

Effect of cyclin on mitosis

Answer 96

an increase of cyclin stimulates mitosis as the MPF increases stimulating mitosis through prophase and metaphase

Question 97

what regulates cell cycle

Answer 97

two proteins involved: cyclin and cdk - cdk is a specifically an enzyme protein and cyclin binds to cdk at active site - different forms of cyclin bind to cdk at cell cycle, thus different cyclin rise and fall throughout cell cycle. The rising and falling will determine if the cell moves to next cell cycle phase

Question 98

what happens if cell doesnt meet checkpoint requirements

Answer 98

if the reason can be fixed cell pauses in the phase until has the resources to fix issue if not cell undergos apoptosis

Question 99

what causes uncontrolled division

Answer 99

a change in DNA sequence in a specific gene called protoncogenes which can turn into oncogenes. oncogenes cause cancer as cell division accelerates, which can be passed on in subsequent generations

Question 100

what regulates cell cycle progression

Answer 100

Cyclins, Cdks and tumour suppressors

Question 101

what is the role of cyclin in cell regulation

Answer 101

a protein that flucates in concentration to regulate progression in cell cycle phases. An increase in cyclin levels stimulates mitosis by forming the mitosis promoting factor

Question 102

What is the mitiosis promoting factors (MPF)

Answer 102

a complex of proteins including cyclin and Cdk that triggers cell progression from the G2 phase to M phase

Question 103

How does an increase in cycle levels affect mitiosis

Answer 103

an increase in cyclin levels leads to the formation of more MPF, the MPF stimulates mitosis through the prophase and metaphase

Question 104

Three conditions necessary for successful cell culturing

Answer 104

sterile conditions to prevent infection of cells by microorganisms temperature - ensure enzyme working to opyimal effeciency to maximise rate of enzyme controlled reactions for max cell growth Nutrients - sugars amino acids as they are the basic building clocks for cellular growth and reproduction

Question 105

explain how independent assortment contributes to variation

Answer 105

during meiosis 1 homologous pairs line up independently on other pairs, these separate into new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, creating variation

Question 106

Explain how crossing over contributes to variation

Answer 106

it is the reciprocal exchange of segments of genetic material of nin sister chromatids, this results in maternal and paternal genes to mix leading to new combinations of genes in the gamest produced thus causing varaiation in offspring

Question 107

differences between binary fission and mitosis

Answer 107

spindle formed in mitosis not in binary fission chromosomes attach to spindle in mitosis but attach to cell membrane in binary fission nuclear membrane formed in mitosis linear chromosomes in mitosis and signular circular chromosome in binary fission

Question 108

explain how the inhibition of cellular respiration would effect active transport

Answer 108

cellular respiration is the breakdown of glucose to release energy that is used to resynthesis ATP, which is the immediate source of energy for the cell for processes for active transport. Thus the inhibition of cellular respiration means less ATP production and therefore decrease in active transport

Question 109

how is the energy stored in ATP released for use

Answer 109

ATP converted to APD and phosphate, the breaking of the bonds between last two phosphates releases energy used for cellular respiration

Question 110

why is less energy released in anerobic respiration

Answer 110

because in aerobic respiration glucose in almost completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water releasing large proportions of energy from the breaking of chemical bonds, whereas in anerobic respiration glucose is partially broken down into lactic acid or ethanol therefore it releases smaller quantity of energy