Cells are the Unit of Life

Question 1

What are the functions of life?

Answer 1

• homeostasis
• metabolism
• nutrition
• excretion
• reproduction
• response
• growth

Question 2

Cell theory

Answer 2

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 3

Viruses are non-living

Answer 3

1. They are not made from cells
2. They do not grow
3. They cannot replicate by themselves

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

Maintaining a constant and stable internal environment

Question 5

Metabolism

Answer 5

Complex interacting chemical reactions

Question 6

Nutrition

Answer 6

Taking in and/or making food/nutrients

Question 7

Excretion

Answer 7

Elimination of waste created by metabolic processes

Question 8

Reproduction

Answer 8

Formation of new individuals, sexually or asexually

Question 9

Response

Answer 9

The ability to respond to external or internal changes (stimuli) in their environment

Question 10

Inductive reasoning

Answer 10

Scientists make observations, and use them to develop theories.

specific observation –> pattern recognition –> general conclusion

e.g. if you notice that every time you eat spicy food you get a stomach ache, you might conclude that spicy food causes stomach ache.

Question 11

Growth

Answer 11

Increase in size, number, or mass of cells

Question 12

Deductive reasoning

Answer 12

Making general assumptions based on existing ideas that lead to specific conclusions.

Existing theory –> formulate hypothesis –> collect data –> analyze data –> do/don’t reject hypothesis

e.g. You know all dogs have ears. You know that Golden Retrievers are dogs, therefore they must have ears.

Question 13

What four components do all cells have?

Answer 13

• cytoplasm
• DNA
• ribosomes
• plasma membrane

Question 14

Organelles with no membrane

Answer 14

• ribosomes
• nucleolus
• centrioles

Question 15

Organelles with a single membrane

Answer 15

• rER
• sER
• lysosomes
• golgi
• vacuole
• vesicles

Question 16

Organelles with a double membrane

Answer 16

• mitochondria
• chloroplasts
• nucleus

Question 17

Animal cells - subcellular structures

Answer 17

• nucleus
• nucleolus
• plasma membrane
• ribosomes
• cytoplasm
• rER
• sER
• golgi apparatus
• lysosomes
• vacuoles
• centrioles
• mitochondria
• cytoskeleton

Question 18

Plant cells - subcellular structures

Answer 18

• nucleus
• nucleolus
• plasma membrane
• cell wall
• ribosomes
• cytoplasm
• rER
• sER
• golgi apparatus
• vacuole
• mitochondria
• chloroplast
• cytoskeleton

Question 19

Fungal cells - subcellular structures

Answer 19

• nucleus
• nucleolus
• plasma membrane
• cell wall
• ribosomes
• cytoplasm
• rER
• sER
• golgi apparatus
• lysosomes
• vacuole
• mitochondria
• cytoskeleton

Question 20

Atypical cells - multinucleate

Answer 20

• skeletal muscle
• fungal hyphae

Question 21

Atypical cells - no nucleus

Answer 21

• phloem sieve tube
• red blood cells

Question 22

Prokaryotic cells - subcellular structures

Answer 22

• nucleoid
• slime capsule
• cell wall
• plasma membrane
• pili
• plasmid (circular DNA)
• ribosomes
• flagella

Question 23

Structures which are NOT organelles

Answer 23

• cytoplasm
• cytoskeleton
• cell wall

Question 24

function: nucleoid

Answer 24

Naked single loop of DNA in the cytoplasm.

Question 25

function: slime capsule

Answer 25

For protection, made of sugar.

Question 26

Function: plastids

Answer 26

involved in storing and producing (photosynthesis) food and containing pigments. e.g. chloroplast

Question 26

Function: cell wall

Answer 26

Provides structural support, protection, selective barrier. plant: cellulose fungal: chitin bacteria: peptidoglycan

Question 27

Function: contractile vacuole

Answer 27

prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and bursting (lysing) in Eukaryotic cells

Question 28

Function: centrioles

Answer 28

near the nucleus in ONLY ANIMAL CELLS involved in production of spindle fibers during cell division

Question 29

Function: golgi apparatus

Answer 29

modifies proteins and lipids, and packages them into vesicles.

Question 30

Function: vesicles

Answer 30

membrane-bound sacs used for transport and storage

Question 31

Function: plasma membrane

Answer 31

semi-permeable membrane, regulates what enters and exits the cell

Question 32

Function: nucleus

Answer 32

stores DNA

Question 33

Function: nucleolus

Answer 33

synthesizes ribosomes and RNA

Question 34

Function: cytoplasm

Answer 34

maintains the cell's structures, site where many cellular processes occur

Question 35

Function: rER

Answer 35

protein synthesis

Question 36

Function: sER

Answer 36

synthesis of lipids

Question 37

Function: mitochondria

Answer 37

site of aerobic respiration

Question 38

Function: vacuole

Answer 38

contains water, minerals, waste products plant cells - provides structural cells

Question 39

Function: ribosomes

Answer 39

Free ribosomes: synthesizes proteins for use within the cell bound ribosomes: synthesizes proteins for secretion or for lysosomes

Question 40

Function: lysosomes

Answer 40

contain lytic (digestive) enzymes for digesting cellular waste/harmful substances

Question 41

Function: chloroplast

Answer 41

conducts photosynthesis

Question 42

Function: cytoskeleton

Answer 42

transport organelles around the cell, maintains the shape of the cell, move and separate chromosomes