Cells and Transport Flashcards
Keywords lol:
- nucleus
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- ribosome
- ER
- Golgi
- cytoskeleton
- lysosome
- permanent vacuole
- chloroplast
- cell well
- organelle
- cell wall
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organism
- organ system
Go look on Quizlet
nerve cells (neuron)
function + adaption
Transmission of nervous stimuli
- very long axon
- makes neurotransmitter
- myelin sheath (insulation)
ciliated cells
Cleaning of airways
- cilia that beats back and forth to move material
- e.g sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria
sperm cell
Fertilisation of egg
- tail for movement
- many mitochondria, respiration for energy
- genetic info (23 chromosomes)
egg cell
Fertilisation
- large
- contains food for developing embryo
- genetic info
red blood cell
Transport of O2
- haemoglobin which binds O2
- no nucleus (more space for hgb)
white blood cell
Destruction of pathogens
- some produce anti-bodies
- some change shape to engulf bacteria
muscle cell
Contraction
- long + flexible
- lots of mitochondria
fat cell
Store fat
rod and cone cell
Photoreception/ vision
- visual pigment that detects light
- many mitochondria
- synapse that transmits signals to optic nerve
skin cell
Protection/ heat regulation
- pigments to absorb uv
- hair for insulation
palisade cell
plant
Photosynthesis
- lots of chloroplast
- tightly packed, elongated
root hair cell
plant
Uptake of water and minerals
- root hair to increase SA
- large permanent vacuole
- close to xylem (H2O transport)
guard cell
plant
Control opening/ closing of stomata
- can take up/ release water by osmosis
- thickened cell wall
Diffusion
The movement of gases/dissolved molecules from an area of high to low concentration
(down a concentration gradient)
Osmosis
-effects on plant an animal cells
The movement of water molecule from an area of high to low concentration across a *selectively permeable * membrane
Plant cells:
- Hypertonic solution : (high solute concentration)
Plasmolysed
-cytoplasm + vacuole shrink
-cell wall retains shape - Isotonic solution : (same solute concentration)
Flaccid - Hypotonic solution: (lower solute concentration)
Turgid
-cytoplasm + vacuole swells
Animal cells:
1. Hypertonic solution: Flaccid (cell shrinks)
- Isotonic solution: Normal
- Hypotonic solution: Lysed (cells swell and might burst)
What happens when there is an equal concentration of of molecules?
There is no net movement/ an equilibrium is reached
Factors affecting the rate of diffusion
- Concentration gradient
greater the gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion - Diffusion distance
shorter the diffusion distance, the faster the rate of diffusion - Surface area
bigger SA, faster the rate of diffusion - Temperature
higher temp, faster rate of diffusion, molecules have more kinetic energy
SA/ V ratio and diffusion
-Bigger organisms have smaller SA/V ratio so diffusion takes longer
Large SA/V ratio:
loose heat
get rid of waste
takes up nutrients/O2
Small SA/V ratio:
retain heat
Organisms can increase SA by: small folded long flat
Passive Transport
Movement of molecules through cells membranes down a concentration gradient without the use of energy
- Diffusion (CO2, O2)
- Osmosis (water)
- Facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the help of a channel or carrier protein
e.g glucose, amino acid, ions
Active Transport
Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient. This requires ATP energy and a *carrier protein *
Difference between animal and plant cells
Be able to draw/label
Animal: lysosome
Plant: cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole
