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Honors Bio > Cells and Transport > Flashcards

Cells and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A
  1. Selectively Permeable or Semipermeable:
    Regulates what enters/leaves the cell.
  2. Separates inside cytoplasm from extracellular
    (outside) environment.
  3. Receives chemical messengers (hormones,
    neurotransmitters, medicines) & passes the info to
    the cell so it can respond.
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2
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Determines what
molecules can enter &
leave the cell based on
their charge & size.

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3
Q

Cholesterol

A

Located b/w the fatty
acids to stabilize &
strengthen the flexible cell
membrane.

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4
Q

Anchor Proteins

A

keep cells attached forming tissues.

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5
Q

Identifier (Cell Recognition) Proteins

A

helps immune system distinguish “self” vs. foreign.
▪ Have unique carbohydrate
chains attached!

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6
Q

Enzymatic
Proteins

A

Catalyze
METABOLIC
reactions.

  • Active site exposed to
    substances in cytoplasm.
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7
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

receive chemical messengers & pass the info to the cell so it can RESPOND!

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8
Q

Target Cells

A

have specifically shaped receptor proteins for only certain chemical messengers.

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9
Q

Hormones & Neurotransmitters

A

types of chemical messengers that bind to specific receptors in order to transmit a message.

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10
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Provides a hydrophilic channel so charged substances can cross the
membrane.

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11
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

change shape while shuttling SPECIFICALLY SHAPED substances across the membrane.

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12
Q

Concentration

A

the amount of solute per unit volume of solution.
Ex. Distilled Water:
H2O = 100%
Solute = 0%

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13
Q

Living Cells

A

H2O = ~98%
Solutes = 2%
(glucose, salt, O2, CO2, amino acids, etc.)

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14
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in solute [ ] b/w 2 areas.

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15
Q

Equilibrium

A

Solute & H2O molecules are equally distributed, & continue moving evenly in all directions.

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16
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy

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17
Q

Active Transport

A

molecules pumped from Low to High [ ], w/ the use of ATP energy! (usable energy that fuels life functions)
- Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the use of ATP

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high 🡪 low [ ] w/out use of ATP energy (usable energy).

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19
Q

Simple diffusion through phospholipids

A

nonpolar molecules (small lipids, steroids, gases) can pass b/w the phospholipids because they can interact with the nonpolar fatty acid tails!

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20
Q

Facilitated Diffusion through transport proteins

A

charged substances (glucose, H2O, ions, polar molecules) CANNOT interact w/ nonpolar fatty acid tails, SO they must diffusion through a transport protein.

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21
Q

WHAT ABOUT LARGE POLYMERS, LIKE PROTEINS OR POLYSACCHARIDES?

A

TOO LARGE to diffuse across the membrane… SO they must be hydrolyzed into monomers & then can diffuse across the membrane.

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive Transport of water

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23
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solution that has a HIGHER [ ]
of solute.

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24
Q

Isotonic solution

A

the solutions outside of cell
and inside the cytoplasm
have an equal solute [ ].

25
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

solution that has a lower [ ] of
solute.

26
Q

Plasmolysis

A

cell membrane pulls away from cell wall as water leaves by osmosis.

27
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

the entering water fills the central vacuole, & cell membrane presses against cell wall. Maintains upright position of theplant!

28
Q

All Living Cells

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis (dynamic
    equilibrium): stable internal
    environment.
  2. Carry out metabolism: all the
    chemical reactions (dehydration
    synthesis & hydrolysis) in the body
    that build & break down molecules.
  3. Carry out Life Functions!
29
Q

Life Functions: 3 R’s

A

Regulation – control/coordination of all life functions.

Reproduction – production of new individuals of a species.

Respiration – breaking down glucose (organic) to transfer its
energy to ATP molecules (containing usable energy that fuels life functions).

30
Q

Life futions GENTS

A

Growth – increase in cell size and cell #.

Excretion – elimination of cellular waste (nitrogenous wastes, carbon
dioxide, water, salt, etc.)

Nutrition – 1) Ingestion – taking in food (heterotrophs only) 🡪
autotrophs make their own food!
2) Digestion – breaking down food.
3) Egestion – eliminate solid waste.

Transport – includes the absorption, circulation, and
distribution of materials to cells (bloodstream) or within cells
(cytoplasm).

Synthesis – chemical reactions that combine small compounds to
make larger compounds.

31
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have a nucleus &
mitochondria!

Many specialized &
complex organelles.

DNA on chromosomes
inside the nucleus.
Ex. Plants, animals, fungi &
protists.

32
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus, no
mitochondria.

Very few organelles.

Cell is small & simple.

DNA/single chromosome
floats in cytoplasm (in
nucleoid region).
Ex. Bacteria (Archaebacteria &
Eubacteria)

33
Q

Single - Celled Organisms

A

Organism made of 1 cell
Ex. Bacteria & protists such as ameba, euglena, paramecia

34
Q

Muti-Celled Organisms

A

Organism made up of many cells!
Ex. Animals, plants, some fungi

35
Q

Organization of LIFE in a Multi-celled Organism

A

cell 🡪 tissue 🡪 organ 🡪 organ system 🡪 organism

36
Q

Cell Specialization in a Multi-Celled Organisms

A

Cells use different parts of
their genetic code to
perform specific functions
w/in an organism!
Specialized cells take on
unique shapes & roles to
maintain homeostasis!

37
Q

Organelles

A

Structures w/in a cell that carry out specific life functions.

38
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls cell activities
(contains chromatin/
chromosomes).

39
Q

Chromatin (Chromosomes)

A

contains instructions
for making proteins!
* In prep. for cell
division…the loose,
thread-like chromatin condenses
into tightly packed chromosomes!

40
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes.

41
Q

Centrioles

A

Aid in cell division (in animal cells ONLY)

42
Q

Nuclear Membrane (Envelope)

A

Regulates what leave/enter the nucleus

43
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Makes phospholipids!
  • Transports substances.
  • Decreases toxins.
44
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Modifies proteins made
by ribosomes & sends
them to the Golgi Apparatus.

45
Q

Ribosomes

A

make proteins (protein
synthesis).

46
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies proteins (adds carbohydrate chains or lipids to
them) & packages them for exocytosis or cell use!

47
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores water, wastes, proteins, salts, food, etc. until they are used or eliminated by the cell.

48
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes that break down food, worn out organelles & foreign substances.
(In animal cells ONLY)

49
Q

Mitochondria

A

Conducts Cellular Respiration 🡪
breaks down glucose & transfers
the energy to ATP which fuels cell
activities!

50
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid-like substance that transports
materials & holds organelles “loosely” in place.

51
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Selectively permeable, receives chemical messages & separates
internal from external environment.

52
Q

Central vacuole

A

Stores water & presses
against the cell membrane & cell wall, creating Turgor Pressure!

53
Q

Cell Wall

A

Provides support & rigidity to the cell.

54
Q

Chloroplast

A

Conducts
Photosynthesis: absorbs light, H2O
& CO2 to make GLUCOSE (food) &
O2

55
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments - help
maintain cell shape & are involved in cell movement.

56
Q

Microtubles

A

Hollow tubes of protein.
* Helps keep cell shape.
* Serve as “tracks” that organelles
can move along.
* Help separate chromosomes
during cell division.
* Form “hair-like” projections (cilia & flagella) from the cell’s surface that aid in locomotion of single celled organisms.

57
Q

Microfilaments

A

Long thin protein fibers.
- Aid in cell support & movement.

58
Q
A

Honors Bio (2 decks)

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