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Immunology Test I - Jourdan > Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

0
Q

Where do all blood cells develop from?

A

Common pluripotent stem cells

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1
Q

What are CDs

A

Stands for cluster of differentiation, this indicates a defined subset of cellular surface receptors that identify cell type and stage of differentiation

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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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3
Q

Where are T lymphocytes generated?

A

Thymus where they proliferate, differentiate, and complete their maturation

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4
Q

Where are B cells generated?

A

B cells proliferate, differentiate, and complete their maturation in the bone marrow

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5
Q

Where are Ag-specific receptors localized on T and B cells?

A

On the surface

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6
Q

How does the structure of the receptors vary?

A

Varies from once cell to another but they are all identical on a single cell

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7
Q

How long do Naive lymphocytes live?

A

1 to 3 months if they do not recognize any Ags

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8
Q

What are resting lymphocytes?

A

Cells that are not actively dividing, nor are they performing effector function..
Naive and memory lymphocytes

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9
Q

How do you tell the difference between naive and memory B and T lymphocytes?

A

They cannot be readily distinguished morphologically

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10
Q

What are Naive and memory B and T lymphocytes often called?

A

Small lymphocytes when observed in blood smears

8 to 10 um

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11
Q

What cell cycle state are Naive lymphocytes?

A

G0

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12
Q

In response to stimulation what stage to Naive lymphocytes enter?

A

G1 stage before going on to divide

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13
Q

What are the size of activated lymphocytes?

A

10 to 12 um (larger) and are called large lymphoblasts(cytes)

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14
Q

What does the survival of naive lymphocytes depend on?

A

Signals generated by Ag receptors (TCR or BCR) and cytokines

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15
Q

When do the Ag receptor of naive B cells (BCR) generate survival signals?

A

Generates signals even in the absence of Ag

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16
Q

What do T lymphocytes (TCR) recognize weakly?

A

Recognize various self Ags, enough to generate survival signals but without triggering clonal expansion and differentiation into effector cells

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17
Q

What is the most important cytokine for survival of naive T cell?

A

Interleukin IL-7, which promotes low-level cycling of naive T cells

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18
Q

What belongs to the TNF family and is required for naive B cell survival?

A

B cell-activating factor (BAFF), a cytokine

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19
Q

What do immature T cells make contact with?

A

Specialized epithelial cells, DCs, and macrophages in the thymus

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20
Q

What do the interactions with immature T cells provide?

A

Mechanisms for the selection and differentiation of T cells useful to the immune system

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21
Q

What do cytokines serve as?

A

Soluble regulatory factors or “messenger” for the immune system

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22
Q

What cytokines play an important role in T cell development?

A

IL-1,2,6, and 7

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23
Q

Following migration from the thymus, how are most mature naive T cells maintained?

A

In the periphery without proliferating

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24
Q

With the continuous output from the thymus, what is the amount of naive T cells in the periphery?

A

Remains fairly constant in young adults, suggesting balanced loss and replacement of peripheral naive T cells

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25
Q

What does each T cell have receptors for?

A

Specific for only one Ag that are generated by gene rearrangement from multiple, inherited germline genes

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26
Q

Why do T cells undergo selection?

A

Remove those that are highly self-reactive

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27
Q

When undergoing selection, what two different kinds of T cells develop?

A

T helper cells which express CD4 and provide help for B cells growth and differentiation
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes express CD8 and recognize and kill virus-infected cells

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28
Q

Where do functionally mature T cells migrate?

A

To secondary lymphoid tissues to mediate protection

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29
Q

When do B cells start to develop from stem cells?

A

Around 14th week of gestation

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30
Q

Where does differentiation into B cells from stem cells occur?

A

Within the fetal liver and after birth, in the bone marrow

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31
Q

Contact with what in the bone marrow are important for the development of B cells?

A

Stromal cells, and cytokines IL 1,6, and 7

IL2 is not required unlike with T cells

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32
Q

In the bone marrow, B cell precursors rearrange what?

A

Multiple, inherited, germline genes that encode B cell receptors (BCRs=Abs) for recognition of Ag

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33
Q

What type of B cells are eliminated?

A

Those that react with self Ags

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34
Q

How long can bone marrow produce B lymphocytes?

A

Lifetime

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35
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A

B1 and B2

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36
Q

What is the first antibody expressed on B cells as the BCRs. What follows?

A

IgM and followed by the expression of IgD

37
Q

Where do mature b cells migrate?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues where they respond to foreign Ags

38
Q

What happens to B cells with activated by Ag?

A

In most cases with T cell help, they proliferate in germinal centers and mature into memory cells or into plasma cells

39
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Terminally differentiated B cells that produce and secrete large amounts of Abs

40
Q

What do B cells present? What is this a key step for?

A

Ags to help T cells, which is a key step in the cooperation of the T cells with B cells for Ab responses to protein Ags

41
Q

How often are plasma cells found in the peripheral blood?

A

rarely

42
Q

How many plasma cells can be found in the bone marrow white cell count?

A

.2% to 2.8%

43
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

Secrete Abs

44
Q

How often are lymphocytes circulating and what parts of the body do they reach?

A

They circulate continuously and reach many parts EXCEPT eye, brain and testicles

45
Q

How do lymphocytes reach the lymph nodes, skin and intestine?

A

Via a specialized endothelium of postcapillary venules called High Endothelium Venules (HEV)

46
Q

What do HEV express?

A

High levels of adhesion molecules that serve as homing receptors for lymphocytes. Cells of HEV are much higher than normal endothelial cells

47
Q

In response to chemokines, what do lymphocytes migrate by?

A

By diapedesis into the tissue

48
Q

How do lymphocytes reenter the circulation?

A

Via efferent lymph vessels that merge into the thoracic duct

49
Q

What is lymphatic recirculation

A

Antigens are captured from a site of infection and the draining lymph node to which these antigens are transported and where the immune response is initiated

50
Q

Where do B cells complete their maturation?

A

LNs and spleen (secondary)

51
Q

What do Naive B and T cells activated by Ags, differentiate into?

A

Effector or memory lymphocytes

52
Q

Where do some effector and memory lymphocytes migrate into?

A

Peripheral tissue sites of infection

53
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells?

A

Cells that capture, process, display microbial Ags to lymphocytes and provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the lymphocytes

54
Q

What do APC usually refer to?

A

To a cell that displays Ag to T lymphocytes because B cells do not need APC for their activation

55
Q

What is the major type of APC?

A

Dendritic cell

56
Q

What are other types of APCs besides dendritic cells?

A

Macrophages and B cells. Both present Ags to T cells in cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, respectively

57
Q

What is a specialized cell type that displays Ags to B cells during particular phases of humoral immune responses?

A

Follicular DC

58
Q

What is a part of innate immune reactions that provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

DCs and microphages

59
Q

What are the most important cells or the activation of naive T cells?

A

DCs

60
Q

What do DCs have?

A

Long membranous projections and phagocytic capabilities

61
Q

What lineage are DCs a part of?

A

Myeloid lineage and arise from a precursor that can also differentiate into monocytes

62
Q

What is the maturation of DCs dependent on?

A

Cytokine called Flt3 ligand, which binds to the Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor on the precursor cells

63
Q

What do macrophages and DCs express?

A

Receptors that recognize Ags typically made by microbes and not mammalian cells

64
Q

What do activated DCs also secrete?

A

Cytokines

65
Q

Where do classical DCs reside in?

A

Skin, mucosa, and organ parenchyma

66
Q

Upon activation by microbes, where do classical DCs migrate?

A

To LNs where they display microbial protein Ags to T lymphocytes

67
Q

What are early cellular responders to viral infection?

A

Plasmacytoid DCs

68
Q

What do Plasmacytoid DCs recognize?

A

Nucleic acids of intracellular viruses and produce soluble proteins type I interferons (aka IFN-alpha/beta)

69
Q

What do IFN-alpha/beta have?

A

Potent antiviral activities

70
Q

During inflammatory response in the tissue, where else can DCs be derived from?

A

Circulating monocytes

71
Q

What are Follicular Dendritic Cells?

A

FDCs are cells with membranous projections that are found intermingled in collections of activated B cells

72
Q

Where do FDCs reside in?

A

Lymphoid follicles of LNs, spleen, and mucosal lymphoid tissue

73
Q

How are FDCs related to DCs?

A

They are unrelated

74
Q

What is the function of FDCs?

A

Bind and display proteins Ags on their surfaces for recognition by B lymphocytes. Able to retain complement-fixed Ags on their cell surface for extended periods of time. Provide the antigenic stimulus that drives Ab affinity maturation

75
Q

What is the effector functions of Innate Lymphoid cells?

A

Similar to those of T cells, but lacks T cells antigen receptors

76
Q

What are the major functions of ILCs?

A
  1. to provide early defense against infectious pathogens
  2. to recognize stressed and damaged host cells and help to eliminate those cells
  3. to influence the nature of the subsequent adaptive immune response
77
Q

What are the first and best characterized ILCs?

A

Natural killer cells

78
Q

What do NK cells secrete?

A

Cytokine IFN-y and kill infected and damaged cells

79
Q

What does the bone marrow provide regions of?

A

regions that support the function of hematopoietic stem cells and other types of hematopoietic cells (progenitors)

80
Q

HSCs and other types of cells with in the bone marrow regions constitute what?

A

HSC niche

81
Q

What does the HSC niche contribute to?

A

The control of HSC quiescence, proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation

82
Q

What does the niche within the bone consists of what?

A

A network of vessels, nerve fibers, bone remodeling cells and subpopulations of hematopoietic cells, which result in a complex three-dimensional architecture

83
Q

In a micrograph of the thymic medulla, what are the small blue-staining cells?

A

Developing T cells called tymocytes

84
Q

In a micrograph of the thymic medulla what is the large pink structure?

A

Hassall’s corpuscle

85
Q

How are portions of a lobe divided in the thymus?

A

Divided into multiple lobules by fibrous trabeculae

86
Q

What cells make up the white pulp in the thymus?

A

T and B cells

87
Q

What is the T cell zone in the spleen?

A

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

88
Q

How do naive lymphocytes enter the LN?

A

Through an artery, leave the circulation by moving across the wall of the high endothelial venule

89
Q

Where to B and T cells migrate to in the LN?

A

Migrate to different zones of the LN drawn by chemokines that are produced in these areas

90
Q

What picks up Ags from the sites of Ag entry and enter through afferent lymphatic vessels in the LN?

A

DCs

91
Q

Where do DCs migrate to in the LN?

A

T cell-rich areas of the node

Immunology Test I - Jourdan (3 decks)

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