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Immunology Exam 1 > Cells and Tissues - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do WBC migrate?

A

some naturally migrate into tissues, others remain in blood until therei s inflammation or tissue injury

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2
Q

When are macrophages activated?

A

only when bound to by Ab-Ag complex

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3
Q

Describe features of eosinophils

A
  • also PMN
  • low numbers
  • migrate to spleen where they mature, then migrate into tissues
  • responsible for phagocytosis and killinf of parasites
  • have Fc receptors –> bind antibodies
  • contain bi-lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
  • granules contain aicd phosphatase, perioxidase and toxic proteins
  • life span: 12 days
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4
Q

When are eosinophils really important?

A

in environments with high amounts of parasites

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5
Q

When can eosinophils be more harmful?

A

in hygienic environments

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6
Q

How does binding work with eosinophil?

A

antibody must bind first to parasite then eosinophil can bind to antibody

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7
Q

Describe features of basophils

A
  • also PMN, low numbers
  • contain multi-lobed nucleus
  • cytoplasmic granules
  • granules contain inflammatory molecules, including vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)
  • not normally distributed in tissues
  • play a role in killing of parasites due to presence of FceRI
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8
Q

Describe features of mast cells

A
  • contain multi-lobed nucleus
  • long-lived (weeks) after distribution into tissues (primarily CT and near body surfaces, reside near blood vessels)
  • have different morphologies in different tissues
  • play a role in killing of parasites due to presence of FceRI
  • cytoplasmic granules contain inflammatory molecules including amines (histamine, serotonin)
  • must bind Ab first before pathogen
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9
Q

Describe binding with NK cells

A

Ag binds Ab, then NK binds, release contents

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10
Q

What are key features of adaptive immunity?

A

-specific to given molecule (epitope), mediated by lymphocytes, have surface receptors for Ag, specific immunity to Ag, provide memory of specific Ag

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11
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells

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12
Q

What do b cells produce?

A

antibodies (humoral) –> bind Ag; also interact with components of innate immunity

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13
Q

What do T cells do?

A

recognize processed Ag on host cells (cell-mediated)

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14
Q

What types of T cells?

A

Helper T cell, cytotoxic T cells

-differentiation occurs after exposed to Ag

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15
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

activate or regulate activities of other cells (make cells better at what they do

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16
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill host cells bearing a foreign antigen (cancerous, viral-infected)

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17
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

once selected, lymphocytes undergo clonal replication; selection is based on an individual cell having the correct receptor for a very small defined part of a larger antigen; other cells of same type with different receptors are NOT activated

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18
Q

Where are the receptors found?

A

encoded int he genome of the organism, but in B and T cells, the genome rearranges “randomly”. Generates cells of the same type but with different receptors

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19
Q

Which cells undergo clonal selection?

A

B and T cells - antigen specific

20
Q

What does clonal selection ensure?

A

only cells with receptors against a foreign antigen are activated ; B cells –> Ab but require help from Ag-specific T cells; some other types of T cells –> directly kill any cell with foreign Ag on its surface

21
Q

What are lymphoid organs?

A

sites where lymphocytes develop and/or contact and respond to specific antigens; points of differentiation, antigen and immune cell collection and adaptive immune response

22
Q

What do lymphocytes interact with in lymphoid organs?

A

non-lymphoid cells (stromal cells)

23
Q

What happens in primary vs secondary lymphoid organs?

A

primary - differentiation
secondary - activation
some tissues can be primary and secondary

24
Q

Describe primary lymphoid organs

A

sites of production and differentiatino for lymphocytes; provide a network of stromal fibroblasts and fat cells with which precursors interact to signal developemtn

25
Q

Name primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow or bursa, thymus, peyer’s patches (b cells esp in ruminants)

26
Q

Describe bone marrow/bursa

A

sites of early lymphocyte development in mammals and birds; T cells –> thymus; B cell receptor rearrangement occurs in marrow/bursa; also secondary lymphoid organs

27
Q

What happens if excessive blood cell production is demanded?

A

liver and spleen can serve as sites for lymphocyte production

28
Q

Describe bone marrow

A
  • site of hematopoiesis and also a site where mature b cells reside
  • stromal cells support lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis via surface ligands and secretion of certain cytokines/GF
  • proportion of each cell produced depends on signal received in bone marrow
29
Q

Whats the function/features of the thymus?

A

naive or immature T cells leave bone marrow and migrate here to complete maturatino

  • located in upper anterior thorax
  • consists of many lobules of loosely packed epithelial cells
  • presentation of self antigens only
  • involutes after sexual maturity
  • T cells don’t differentiate until thymus whereas B cells elave bone marrow committed to certain type
30
Q

What is the morphology of thymus?

A
  • hassall’s corpuscle - role in tolerance
  • cortex - densely packed with immature T cells
  • medulla - less dense collection of mature lymphocytes
  • trabuculae - divide into lobes
31
Q

What are peyer’s patches

A

structures along Gi tract within lamina propria

  • contain large numbers of lymphocytes and b cells
  • arranged in follicles iwth b cells central and T cells surrounding them
  • important for immune response for ingested Ag
  • B cells mature here
  • more important in ruminants
  • take up Ag from gut and transport to draining lymph nodes
32
Q

What are germinal centers?

A

site where B cells are rapidly dividing

33
Q

What are m cells?

A

in the mucosal lining are sites of antigen entry but immune cells in peyer’s patches take them up

34
Q

Describe secondary lymphoid organs

A

sites where lymphocytes devlelop and/or contact and respond to specific Ag; essentially collection and response points
-tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches, bone marrow

35
Q

Describe the spleen

A
  • secondary lymphoid organ
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • compartmentalized structure in a thick capsule
  • red pulp –> phagocytes
  • white pulp –> lymphocytes
  • mostly b cell, but also Tells
  • major site of adaptive immunity to blood-borne pathogens
  • filters out effected RBC and also stores RBCs `
36
Q

What makes up white pulp?

A

all of the lymphocytes collectively arranged along blood vessels as well as plasma cells, macrophages –> immune responses

37
Q

What are the two components of white pulp?

A 
splenic nodules (lymph nodes) - contain B lymphocytes
-periarterial lymphatic sheaths - T lymphocytes
38
Q

What happens if you remove the spleen?

A

technically there would be a dec in immunity but there’s lots of redundancy and overlap in immune system so not a big deal

39
Q

Describe features of lymph nodes

A
  • highly organized encapsulated structures
  • points of convergence for cells in blood and lymph systems
  • collects extracellular fluid (lymph) from tissues for return to blood
  • contain B and T cells in segregated regions
40
Q

Where are T and B cells located in lymph nodes?

A

B cells - mostly in cortex

T cells - mostly in medulla

41
Q

What’s the structure of lymph nodes?

A

bean-shaped, divided into outer cortex and inner medulla, surrounded by capsule

  • vessels enter and/or leave the node via hilus
  • dendritic cells and lymphocytes can enter from afferent lymphatic or from blood
42
Q

What happens when you are sick?

A

lymph nodes swell, large collection of lymph as well as B cells proliferating rapidly

43
Q

What happens as a result of somatic mutation?

A

occurs in germinal centers - start to make better antibodies that bind epitope better/stronger

44
Q

What’s cell migration into lymph nodes?

A

lymphoctyes and dendritic cells enter lymph nodes by different routes. most lymphocytes enter from peripheral blood. Only lymphocytes can interact with and extravasate through high endothelial venules (HEVs) to migrate into lymph node parenchyma.

  • T and B cells segregate into T and B cell zones
  • most DCs (with small number of lymphocytes) enter through afferent lymphatics. They then accumulate in viccinity of HEVs
45
Q

What are HEVs?

A

High endothelial venules - specialized capillaries of lymphoid tissues (all secondary lymphoid organs) where lymphocytes exchange from blood. Endothelial cells in HEV lack tight junctions. Most T cells in lymph node enter via blood

Immunology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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