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Histology and Anatomy > Cells and Tissues ( epithelium) > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues ( epithelium) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy

A

Describes the structures of the body

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2
Q

What is Physiology

A

The study of the functions of anatomical structures

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3
Q

What is Histology

A

The study of body tissues

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4
Q

What is the name of the watery medium that surrounds a cell

A

Extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What can the cytoplasm also be known as

A

Intracellular fluid

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6
Q

Where are integral proteins located

A

within the plasma membrane

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7
Q

where are peripheral proteins located

A

Bound to inner or outer
surface of the membrane

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8
Q

what is the function of plasma membrane proteins

A

Control ion and fluid movement
and for communications (e.g.
binding to hormones)

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9
Q

what is the plasma membrane function

A
  • Physical isolation
  • Barrier separating inside of cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid
  • Regulates exchange with environment
  • Controls entry of ions and nutrients
  • Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
  • Monitors the environment
  • Receptors allow cell to recognize and respond to specific molecules
  • Chemical signals (hormones) from other cells
  • Affected by changes in composition, concentration, or pH of extracellular fluid
    composition
  • Structural support
  • Anchors cells and tissues (cell to cell attachments)
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10
Q

describe the role of the plasma membrane in diffusion

A

Plasma membrane acts as barrier that
selectively restricts diffusion
* Ion or molecule can diffuse across a
plasma membrane only by:
* Crossing the lipid portion of the
membrane (simple diffusion)
* Passing through a membrane channel
(channel-mediated diffusion)

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11
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

genetic material

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12
Q

name the 4 body tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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13
Q

what does epithelial cells cover

A

Protective coverings of surfaces both
inside and outside of the body

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14
Q

What does epithelial tissue include

A

Includes the skin surface and the
linings of the heart, blood vessels,
digestive tract, respiratory tract,
urinary tract and body cavities
* Includes secretary cells and glands

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15
Q

what are the functions of epithelium

A

1) physical protection - from abrasion, dehydration, destruction
2) controls permeability- allow water, gases and nutrients to cross in and out
3) provide sensation
4) produce specialized secretions - hormones, sweat, mucous and joint fluid

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16
Q

Give an example of simple squamous epithelium

A

capillary and alveoli

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17
Q

give an example of columnar epithelium

18
Q

Give an example of cuboidial epithelium

A

sweat duct

19
Q

Describe the role of simple squamous

A

Role in secretion and
absorption

20
Q

describe the role of stratified squamous

A

Provides physical
protection

21
Q

describe the role of simple cuboidial epithelium

A

secretion (glands eg thyroid gland) and absorption

22
Q

describe the role of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

23
Q

describe the role of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Secretion,
    absorption,
    protection
  • Lining of intestine
24
Q

describe the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Secretion,
movement of
mucas with cilia

25
describe the role of stratified columnar epithelium
protection
26
explain transitional epithelium
* Allows repeated expansion and recoiling after stretching * Returns to previous shape without damage * Urinary bladder
27
what is a goblet cell
Goblet cell - secretions by a single cell
28
what is a gland
Gland - secretions by a group of cells
29
describe endocrine glands
Ductless Glands * Release secretions into the blood * E.g. Insulin hormone
30
What are exocrine glands
Single cells called goblet cells that are specialised for secretion * Goblet cells secrete mucin – mixes with water to form a sticky lubricant called mucus
31
what are multicellular exocrine glands
Gland cells form an epithelium that releases secretions into an inner compartment e.g., salivary glands produce mucins and digestive enzymes
32
what is MEROCRINE secretion
Product is released from an exocrine cell by secretory vesicles through exocytosis * Most common method of exocrine secretion * E.g., mucin is a merocrine secretion: mucous secretions of the salivary glands coat food and reduce friction during swallowing; merocrine sweat glands in the skin produce perspiration that cools body on hot day
33
what is apocrine secretion
involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product * Apical portion of cytoplasm is packed with secretory vesicles and then shed * E.g. milk production in the mammary glands involves merocrine and apocrine secretions
34
what is holocrine secretion
Superficial cell in a stratified glandular epithelium becomes packed with secretory vesicles and then burst – releasing secretion but also killing the cell * Further secretion dependent on replacing destroyed gland cells by division of underlying stem cells * E.g., sebaceous glands of hair follicles produce oily hair coating by holocrine secretion
35
name at least 3 endocrine glands
thyroid gland- thyroxine pancreatic islets- insulin and glucagon parathyroid gland- parathyroid hormone hypothalamus- ADH
36
what are hormones
* Chemical messengers released from endocrine glands * Transported in the bloodstream * Reach target cell/organ(s) * Alter metabolism of target cell
37
name 3 apical surface specializations
keratin, cilia, microvilli
38
function of cilia ?
Cilia move substances (fluids or secretions) over epithelial surface
39
function of microvilli
Microvilli increase the surface area of the epithelial cells
40
explain tight (occluding )cell junctions
BETWEEN 2 PLASMA MEMBRANES * Adhesion belt forms and attaches to terminal web * Prevents passage of water and solutes * Isolates wastes in the lumen
41
explain gap junctions
ALLOW RAPID COMMUNICATION Held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons) * Allow ions to pass so cells can communicate * Allow the coordination of cilia beating or coordinating muscle cell contractions
42
Explain desmosomes
SPOT DESMOSOMES * Small disks connected to bands of intermediate filaments * Tie cells together * Allow bending and twisting HEMIDESMOSOMES *attach cells to the basal lamina * Helps stabilize position of epithelial cells

Histology and Anatomy (3 decks)

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