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Histology and Anatomy > Cells and Tissues ( epithelium) > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues ( epithelium) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy

A

Describes the structures of the body

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2
Q

What is Physiology

A

The study of the functions of anatomical structures

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3
Q

What is Histology

A

The study of body tissues

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4
Q

What is the name of the watery medium that surrounds a cell

A

Extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What can the cytoplasm also be known as

A

Intracellular fluid

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6
Q

Where are integral proteins located

A

within the plasma membrane

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7
Q

where are peripheral proteins located

A

Bound to inner or outer
surface of the membrane

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8
Q

what is the function of plasma membrane proteins

A

Control ion and fluid movement
and for communications (e.g.
binding to hormones)

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9
Q

what is the plasma membrane function

A
  • Physical isolation
  • Barrier separating inside of cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid
  • Regulates exchange with environment
  • Controls entry of ions and nutrients
  • Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
  • Monitors the environment
  • Receptors allow cell to recognize and respond to specific molecules
  • Chemical signals (hormones) from other cells
  • Affected by changes in composition, concentration, or pH of extracellular fluid
    composition
  • Structural support
  • Anchors cells and tissues (cell to cell attachments)
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10
Q

describe the role of the plasma membrane in diffusion

A

Plasma membrane acts as barrier that
selectively restricts diffusion
* Ion or molecule can diffuse across a
plasma membrane only by:
* Crossing the lipid portion of the
membrane (simple diffusion)
* Passing through a membrane channel
(channel-mediated diffusion)

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11
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

genetic material

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12
Q

name the 4 body tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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13
Q

what does epithelial cells cover

A

Protective coverings of surfaces both
inside and outside of the body

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14
Q

What does epithelial tissue include

A

Includes the skin surface and the
linings of the heart, blood vessels,
digestive tract, respiratory tract,
urinary tract and body cavities
* Includes secretary cells and glands

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15
Q

what are the functions of epithelium

A

1) physical protection - from abrasion, dehydration, destruction
2) controls permeability- allow water, gases and nutrients to cross in and out
3) provide sensation
4) produce specialized secretions - hormones, sweat, mucous and joint fluid

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16
Q

Give an example of simple squamous epithelium

A

capillary and alveoli

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17
Q

give an example of columnar epithelium

A

intestine

18
Q

Give an example of cuboidial epithelium

A

sweat duct

19
Q

Describe the role of simple squamous

A

Role in secretion and
absorption

20
Q

describe the role of stratified squamous

A

Provides physical
protection

21
Q

describe the role of simple cuboidial epithelium

A

secretion (glands eg thyroid gland) and absorption

22
Q

describe the role of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

23
Q

describe the role of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Secretion,
    absorption,
    protection
  • Lining of intestine
24
Q

describe the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Secretion,
movement of
mucas with cilia

25
Q

describe the role of stratified columnar epithelium

A

protection

26
Q

explain transitional epithelium

A
  • Allows repeated
    expansion and
    recoiling after
    stretching
  • Returns to
    previous shape
    without damage
  • Urinary bladder
27
Q

what is a goblet cell

A

Goblet cell - secretions by a single cell

28
Q

what is a gland

A

Gland - secretions by a group of cells

29
Q

describe endocrine glands

A

Ductless Glands
* Release secretions into the blood
* E.g. Insulin hormone

30
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Single cells called goblet cells that
are specialised for secretion
* Goblet cells secrete mucin – mixes
with water to form a sticky lubricant
called mucus

31
Q

what are multicellular exocrine glands

A

Gland cells form an epithelium that
releases secretions into an inner
compartment e.g., salivary glands
produce mucins and digestive
enzymes

32
Q

what is MEROCRINE secretion

A

Product is released from an
exocrine cell by secretory
vesicles through exocytosis
* Most common method of
exocrine secretion
* E.g., mucin is a merocrine
secretion: mucous secretions of
the salivary glands coat food and
reduce friction during
swallowing; merocrine sweat
glands in the skin produce
perspiration that cools body on
hot day

33
Q

what is apocrine secretion

A

involves the loss of cytoplasm as
well as the secretory product
* Apical portion of cytoplasm is
packed with secretory vesicles
and then shed
* E.g. milk production in the
mammary glands involves
merocrine and apocrine
secretions

34
Q

what is holocrine secretion

A

Superficial cell in a stratified
glandular epithelium becomes
packed with secretory vesicles
and then burst – releasing
secretion but also killing the cell
* Further secretion dependent on
replacing destroyed gland cells
by division of underlying stem
cells
* E.g., sebaceous glands of hair
follicles produce oily hair coating
by holocrine secretion

35
Q

name at least 3 endocrine glands

A

thyroid gland- thyroxine
pancreatic islets- insulin and glucagon
parathyroid gland- parathyroid hormone
hypothalamus- ADH

36
Q

what are hormones

A
  • Chemical messengers released from endocrine glands
  • Transported in the bloodstream
  • Reach target cell/organ(s)
  • Alter metabolism of target cell
37
Q

name 3 apical surface specializations

A

keratin, cilia, microvilli

38
Q

function of cilia ?

A

Cilia move substances (fluids or secretions)
over epithelial surface

39
Q

function of microvilli

A

Microvilli increase the surface area of the epithelial cells

40
Q

explain tight (occluding )cell junctions

A

BETWEEN 2 PLASMA MEMBRANES
* Adhesion belt forms and attaches to terminal web
* Prevents passage of water and solutes
* Isolates wastes in the lumen

41
Q

explain gap junctions

A

ALLOW RAPID COMMUNICATION
Held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons)
* Allow ions to pass so cells can communicate
* Allow the coordination of cilia beating or coordinating muscle cell contractions

42
Q

Explain desmosomes

A

SPOT DESMOSOMES
* Small disks connected to bands of intermediate filaments
* Tie cells together
* Allow bending and twisting
HEMIDESMOSOMES
*attach cells to the basal lamina
* Helps stabilize position of epithelial cells

Histology and Anatomy (3 decks)

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