CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards
Reviewer of Chapter 3
A diluted saltwater solution which bathes all the body cells; derived from blood
interstitial fluid
“headquarters” or control center of the cell; contains the deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleus
a double membrane barrier that encloses the nucleus
nuclear envelope
a jellylike fluid in which other nuclear elements are suspended
nucleoplasm
small, dark-staining, essentially round bodies inside the nucleus; are sites where ribosomes are assembled
nucleoli
combination of DNA and proteins which then forms a loose network of bumpy threads
chromatin
dense, rodlike bodies which form when chromatin threads coil and condense
chromosomes
a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment
plasma membrane
the nature of polar “heads” of the lolllipop-shaped phospholipid molecules that are attracted to water; they lie on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
hydrophilic
the nature of the non-polar “tails” of the lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecules that avoid water, and line up at the center of the membrane
hydrophobic
sugar-proteins
glycoproteins
fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area where glycoproteins stick
glycocalyx
impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells
tight junctions
anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells. They prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart
desmosomes
commonly seen in the heart and between embryonic cells, function mainly to allow communication
gap junctions
hollow cylinders composed of proteins that connects the neighboring cells in gap junctions
connexons
cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. It is the site of most cellular activities, so it is considered as the “factory area” of the cell
cytoplasm
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements inside the cytoplasm
cytosol
metabolic machinery of the cell
organelles
chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on the specific cell type
inclusions
literally “little organs”; are specialized cellular compartments each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell
cytoplasmic organelles
usually depicted as tiny, lozenge-like or sausage-shaped organelles, but in living cells they squirm, lengthen, and change shape almost continuously; “powerhouse” of the cell because this supply ATP
mitochondria
shelf-like protrusions inside the mitochondria
cristae
tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA; sites of protein synthesis in the cell
ribosomes
system of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist and twist through the cytoplasm; serves as a minicirculatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
it is studded with ribosomes; essentially all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or on it, you can think of it as the cell’s membrane factory
rough er
dispatches the proteins made in the er to other areas of the cell
transport vesicles
communicates with the rough variety; it functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
smooth er
appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles; principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins; modify and package proteins
golgi apparatus
the swollen ends of sacs from the golgi apparatus that are filled with protein which then pinches off and travel to the plasma membrane
secretory vesicles
membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes; function as the cell’s demolition sites
lysosomes
membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde ; most important function is to “disarm” dangerous free radicals
peroxisomes
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids; are normal by-products of cellular metabolism, but if allowed to accumulate, they can have devastating effects on cells
free radicals
acts a cell’s “bones and muscles” by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports other organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements
cytoskeleton
strong, stable, ropelike structures that help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell
intermediate filaments
most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
microfilaments
tubelike structures that determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles
microtubules
rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; best known for their role in generating microtubules and during cell division they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle
centrioles
whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
cilia
substantially longer cilia; only found in sperms
flagella
tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface
microvilli
the elongated shape of this cell lies along the cable-like fibers that it secretes
fibroblast
this cell carries oxygen in the bloodstream
erythrocyte
hexagonal shape of this cell is exactly like a “cell” in a honeycomb of a beehive.
epithelial cell
these cells are elongated and filled with abundant contractile filaments, so they can shorten forcefully and move the bones or change in size of internal organs
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
the huge spherical shape of a fat cell is produced by a large lipid droplet in its cytoplasm
fat cell
this cell extends long pseudopods to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites
macrophage
this cell has long processes for receiving messages and transmitting them to other structures in the body.
nerve cell
the largest cell in the body, this egg cell contains several copies of all organelles
oocyte
this cell is long and stream-lined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization
sperm
homogeneous mixture of two or more components
solution
the substance present in the largest amount in a solution
solvent
components or substances present in smaller amounts
solutes
a solution containing small amounts of gases
intracellular fluid
a barrier that allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others
selective permeability
the process by which molecules move away from a regions where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated
diffusion
unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane
osmosis
provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores
facilitated diffusion
the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, hydrostatic or pressure
filtration
sometimes called solute pumping; is similar to the carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion describe earlier in that both processes require protein carriers that combine specifically and reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane
active transport
involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane
vesicular transport
moves substances out of cells
exocytosis
includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle
endocytosis
flowing cytoplasmic extensions
pseudopods
cell eating
phagocytosis
cell drinking
pinocytosis
process where the cell grows and carries on its metabolic activities
interphase
process in which cell produces itself
cell division
division of the nucleus
mitosis
division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
the ability of a solution to change the size and shape of cells by altering the amount of water they contain
tonicity
have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do
isotonic solution
a solution that contains more solutes or dissolved substances, than there are inside the cells;’ the cells will begin to shrink
hypertonic solution
when a solution contains fewer solutes then the cell does
hypotonic solution
defined as a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain
gene
biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells, are functional proteins
enzymes
second type of nucleic acid that carry out messenger and decoder functions
ribonucleic acid
small clover leaf-shaped molecules
transfer rna
helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
ribosomal rna
are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry the “message” containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
messenger rna
involves the transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mrna
transcription
the language of nucleic acids is “translated” into the language of proteins
translation
the lining, covering and glandular tissue of the body
epithelial tissue or epithelium
is exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
apical surface
structureless material that the lower surface of epithelium rests on and is secreted by both epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells that abut the epithelium
basement membrane
no blood supply
avascular
most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration
simple epithelia
a single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane.
simple squamous epithelium
the slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity
serous membranes or serosae
one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their ducts
simple cuboidal epithelium
made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together.
simple columnar epithelium
produce lubricating mucus; are often seen in this type of epithelium
goblet cells
epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior
mucous membranes or mucosae
these epithelia function primarily to protect
stratified epithelia
the most common stratified epithelium in the body
stratified squamous epithelium
typically has just two cell layers with the surface cells being cuboidal in shape
stratified cuboidal epithelium
columnar cells whose basal cells vary in size and shape (both this and cuboidal are rare in the body)
stratified columnar epithelium
highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs- the urinary bladder, urethra, ureters
transitional epithelium
consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
gland
product of glands that typically contains protein molecules in an aqueous fluid
secretion
lose their connection to the surface duct; thus they are often called ductless glands; their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands
endocrine glands
retain their ducts and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
exocrine glands
connects body parts; found everywhere in the body; most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types
connective tissue
varying amounts of a nonliving substance found outside the cells; produced by the connective tissue cells and then secreted to their exterior: structureless ground substance and fibers
extracellular matrix
sometimes called osseous tissue ; is composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities called lacunae ; has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs
bone
is less hard and more flexible than bone. ; major cell type is chrondrocytes; only found in few places in the body
cartilage
most widespread cartilage that has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy blue-white appearance
hyaline cartilage
highly compressible cartilage that forms the cushionlike disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column
fibrocartilage
is found in structures with elasticity
elastic cartilage
also called dense fibrous tissue; has collagen fibers as its main matrix element
dense connective tissue
attach skeletal muscles to bones
tendons
connect bones to bones at joints
ligaments
are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood
loose connective tissue
the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body; is a soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps.
areolar tissue
soft layer of areolar tissue that underlies all mucous membranes
lamina propria
when inflamed the areolar tissue in that area soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge, and the area swells and becomes puffy
edema
commonly called fat
adipose tissue
consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts
reticular connective tissue
can support many free blood cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
stroma
also known as vascular tissue; considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a non-living fluid matrix called blood plasma
blood
highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement.
muscle tissue
packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles with are attached to the skeleton
skeletal muscle tissue
muscle tissue that is only found in the heart
cardiac muscle
junctions where uninucleate, relatively short, branching cardiac cells fit tightly together
intercalated discs
muscle that has no striations visible; also called visceral muscle
smooth muscle
a wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine
peristalsis
made out of neurons
nervous tissue
receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another
neurons
special group of supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous system
neuroglia
generalized body response that attempts to prevent further injury
inflammation
is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
regeneration
involves repair by dense connective tissue that is by the formation of scar tissue
fibrosis
abnormal cell mass that develops when the controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction
neoplasm or tumors
harmless neoplasm
benign
harmful (cancerous) neoplasm
malignant
certain body tissues may enlarge because of some local irritant or condition that stimulates the cell
hyperplasia
can occur in an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation
atrophy or decrease in size
