cells and tissues

Question 1

Types of cells

Answer 1

epithelial connective muscular nervous

Question 2

Epithelial tissue

Answer 2

covers all internal surfaces

Question 3

Epithelial function

Answer 3

Protection absorption secretion filtration

Question 4

Epithelial cells - Shape

Answer 4

cuboidal squamous columnar simple stratified

Question 5

Organised by arrangement

Answer 5

Simple (single layer) stratified (multiple)

Unique features - down to specialisation

Question 6

Epithelial tissue are identified as

Answer 6

simple cuboidal simple squamous simple columnar
stratified cuboidal stratified squamous
stratified columnar

Question 7

Specialised epithelial tissue

Answer 7

Keratinized stratified squamous
pseudostratified cilated columnar
transitional

Question 8

Simple cuboidal epithelial

Function

Answer 8

simple cuboidal epithelium lines small tubules, ducts and glands throughout the body.

Secretion
Absorption

Question 9

Simple squamous

Function

Answer 9

Simple squamous epithelium creates a selective barrier for the diffusion of small molecules.
It can therefore be found anywhere diffusion occurs such as the lining of alveoli and blood vessels.

Diffusion

Question 10

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 10

Primarily provides protection

Found anywhere in the body where constant abrasion occurs such as the oesophagus and the lining of the oral cavity.

Question 11

Keratinized stratified squamous

Answer 11

Found where constant mechanical abrasion occurs

Dead cells engorged in keratin on its outermost layers.

Question 12

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 12

Functions - absorption, secretion, protection and lubrication
Found lining the gastrointestinal tract

Question 13

Stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 13

Uncommon

Found in the large exocrine glands

Question 14

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 14

Found primarily along the respiratory tract and has the same functions as simple columnar epithelium.

Question 15

Transitional epithelium

Answer 15

Formed by stratified cells that can appear both squamous and cuboidal.
Example, when urine passes through the ureter, the exertion of pressure forces the dilation of the lumen which in turn flattens the outer cuboidal cells into squamous cells. This tissue is exclusive to the ureter and part of the urinary bladder and the urethra. And its function is to distend the tissues that collect and pass urine.

Question 16

Connective tissue

Answer 16

An important supporting tissue
The most abundant tissue in the body.
Composed of fibroblasts (which are cells capable of repairing tissue over time).

Question 17

Difference between connective tissue and epithelial tissue

Answer 17

One difference between connective tissue and epithelial tissue is the abundant presence of extracellular material and fibres.

Question 18

The primary function of connective tissue

Answer 18

Provide structure by connecting different tissue types.

Question 19

Connective tissue grouping

Answer 19

Liquid matrix
Semi solid
Solid

Question 20

Liquid matrices

Answer 20

red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
These cells are contained by a liquid matrix called the plasma

Question 21

semi solid matrix

Answer 21

Loose connective tissue also called areolar tissue..
Widespread throughout the body.
Found deep to the basement membrane.
Contains collagen and elastin fibres.
Very flexible.
Site of rapid fluid and gases exchange between tissues.

Question 22

Dense connective - semi solid matrix

Answer 22

Contains more collagen than elastin
More structured arrangement of fibres for greater strength.
Composes tendons and is found in the dermis of the skin

Question 23

Adipose tissue (connective) semi solid matrix

Answer 23

Unique type of connective tissue
Doesn’t have much extracellular material and is instead mostly cellular.
Found encasing organs or other structures and is made up of fat cells called adipocytes.
Also found all over the body including subcutaneously. During fixation and staining,

Question 24

Solid matrices

hyaline cartilage

Answer 24

Hyaline cartilage is a specialised type of connective tissue that is comprised of cartilage cells known as chondrocytes.

Question 25

hyaline cartilage

Answer 25

Found on the articulating surface of bones, the costal cartilage of the ribs and surrounding the trachea. Responsible for the rigidity of the trachea which prevents it from collapsing.

And another type of connective tissue with solid matrices is .

Question 26

compact bone solid matrix

Answer 26

Provides support and protection to soft tissues and is the tissue that makes up the skeletal system.
Compact bone consists of osteocytes or bone cells. Haversian systems like this one are the structural units of compact bone and they each contain a haversian canal which is surrounded by concentric layers of lamellae. And within these lamellae lie the osteocytes.

Question 27

Muscle tissue

Answer 27

The cells that comprise muscles are usually elongated and capable of contraction due to actin and myosin filaments.

Question 28

Types of Muscle fibre

Answer 28

smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle.

Question 29

Smooth muscle

Answer 29

Also called visceral muscle
Found encapsulating arteries and the tubular organs of the intestinal and reproductive tracts
Contain a single central nucleus
Connected to one another via gap junctions.
Spindle-shaped
Contain randomly arranged actin and myosin filaments.
Non-striated appearance.
Control is primarily involuntary.

Question 30

Skeletal muscle

Answer 30

Primarily responsible for the voluntary movements and posturing of the skeleton.
Cells called fibers
Striated appearance due to the perpendicular arrangement of actin and myosin filaments crossing over each fiber
Muscle fiber is controlled by a synapse with the motor neuron.

Question 31

Cardiac muscle

Answer 31

Found in the heart.
Actin and myosin arrangement gives this tissue a striated appearance
Cardiac muscle cells contain only one or two nuclei.
Complex three-dimensional network of branches and between adjacent cells like intercalated discs which have gap junctions to allow the heart to beat in synchrony.
Considered to be involuntary.

Question 32

Nervous tissue

Answer 32

Nervous system or CNS which is comprised of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system or PNS
Nerves transmit signals to and from the CNS and the rest of the body.
Nervous tissue cells are called Neurons.

Question 33

Neurons

Answer 33

Transmit signals away from the CNS to the body are called the motor neurons while those that transmit signals from the body towards the CNS are called sensory neurons. In addition to neurons, the nervous system is also composed of specialized supporting cells called glial cells.