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Botany: Cells And Tissues > Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Cells And Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

How are plant lifeforms separated into groups?

A
  1. Bryophytes vs Tracheophytes
  2. Tracheophytes split into Pteridophytes vs Seeded
  3. Seeded are separated into Gymnosperms (naked seed) vs. Angiosperms (Ovaries/Flowers)
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1
Q

What are vacuoles?

A 
-constitute bulk of most mature cells.  Fluid filled enlargements of space between two layers of endoplasmic reticulum.
Consist of...
-Membrane (tonoplast)
-Anthocyanins (red pigments)
Function in...
-Storage and disposal of toxins
-Storage of sugar nutrients
-Regulation of turgor pressure
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2
Q

What functions does the cell wall serve in plant cells?

A
  • Structure/Rigidity
  • Absorption
  • Transport
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Protection
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3
Q

What are the components of the cell wall in plants?

A 
Cellulose
Hemicellulose 
Pectin
Lignin
Cutin
Suberin
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4
Q

Explain cellulose

A
  • Major structural component
  • Equivalent to rebar or steel cables in buildings
  • “Tethered” by hemicellulose
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5
Q

Explain Pectin

A
  • Binds cells together
  • Regulates water
  • Key in primary cell wall and middle lamella formation
  • “glues” cells together
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6
Q

Explain hemicellulose

A
  • amorphous and hydrogen bonded to cellulose

- Binds strands of cellulose together

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7
Q

Explain Lignin

A
  • Secondary cell wall in wood cells
  • Compressive strength/rigidity
  • Waterproofs cells
  • Defensive mechanism
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8
Q

Explain cutin and suberin

A

Cutin is a waxy compound primarily found on leaves for protection and waterproofing.

Suberin is a waxy compound primarily found in cork cells for water proofing.

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9
Q

How is cellulose arranged in wood cells?

A

Cellulose is arranged at different angles in the primary wall, S1, S2 and S3 to increase strength and rigidity.

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10
Q

What is the lumen?

A

A straw like hollow in the center of wood cells that transports water

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11
Q

What happens to cells after they specialize?

A

They die!

but… some adjacent cells remain alive and facilitate the transport water and nutrients

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12
Q

What are the percentages of each cellular component in the Primary Wall?

A 
Cellulose - 20-30%
Hemicellulose - 25%
Pectin - 30%
Lignin - 0%
Proteins - 5 to 10%
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13
Q

Explain cytoplasm

A

All metabolically active protoplasm outside the nucleus

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14
Q

Explain protoplasm

A

Living part of the cell. Includes non living structures such as vacuoles.

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15
Q

Explain nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes responsible for genetic and metabolic control

Regulates synthesis and reproductive activities of the cell

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16
Q

Nucleoli?

A

Also contain nucleic acids and proteins but funtion as intermediates in protein synthesis

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17
Q

Explain lignin

A

Tough, complex phenolic compounds associated with cellulose. Found In secondary cell walls of xylem (wood cells)

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18
Q

Explain endoplasmic reticulum

A

Labyrinthine system of membranes that connect cells through plasmodesmata to make plants integrated protoplasmic entities.

Studded with ribosomes in some areas that function in protein synthesis.

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small bundles of nucleic acids and proteins in endoplasmic reticulum that function in protein synthesis.

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20
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Sausage shaped organelles responsible for formation of energy rich compounds (ATP)

21
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Cellular scavengers, digesting cytoplasmic particles that are no longer useful.

22
Q

What is the Golgi bodies role in a cell?

A

Associated with cell wall formation

23
Q

Outline cell growth phase

A

Interphase (replication of DNA and cell contents)
Mitosis (division of chromosomes and formation of daughter cells)
Cytokinesis (formation of new cell walls)

24
Q

what is the Epidermis and what are its functions?

A

The epidermis is one cell thick and covers leaves as well as softer portions of stems and roots. It secretes cutin to waterproof its walls.

  • Protects against excess evaporation
  • assists mineral absorption in roots
  • contains pores (stomata) responsible for gas exchange
25
Q

What are parenchyma cells?

A

Thin walled large vacuoled cylindrical cells. Frequently contain chloroplasts and manufacture food.

Non green parenchyma are primarily used for storage

26
Q

What are the percentages of the cellular components of wood?

A

cellulose - 40%
hemicellulose - 30%
Lignin - 30%

27
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma?

A

Both are thick walled strength cells

  1. Elongated tapering fibers (Sieve tubes in phloem and tracheids in Xylem)
  2. Short stone cells and stone cells (Walnut shells/Bark)
28
Q

What is Collenchyma? what are its functions?

A

Cells with reinforced thickenings in corners. Stringy. NOT LIGNIFIED
-provide flexible support

29
Q

What is sclerenchyma and how does it function?

A

Thick walled strengthening cells (LIGNIFIED) Contains fibers and sclereids. Thick and tough. Found in secondary cell walls of wood (xylem).

-Non flexible support

30
Q

What are the elements of Xylem?

A
  • Tracheids (elongated tapering cells) (Dead) (Serve in strength and conduction)
  • Vessels (Long continuous tubes formed by the dissolution of ends of vertically elongated cells)
  • Parenchyma (storage)
  • Fibers (Elongated, pointed strength cells with thick cell walls) Differ from traicheids in thicker cell walls and reduced pits
  • No protoplasm
31
Q

What are the elements of Phloem?

A

Seive tubes - Cheif conducting cells of phloem. Vertically elongated . Contain cytoplasm

Companion cells - Border seive cells and aid conduction

Fibers - Thick walled, elongated strengthening cells.

Parenchyma - Storage cells

32
Q

What are some importances of water?

A

Raw material in food manufacture

Medium for absorption and transportation of nutrients

Turgor pressure and cell rigidity

33
Q

What are the three types of plant tissues?

A

Ground tissue
-photosynthesis/food storage/ support and protection/ regeneration

Vascular Tissue
-Transport of water and dissolved nutrients

Dermal Tissue
-Protection against excess evap./ pathogens

34
Q

Elaborate on vascular tissue

A

Xylem transports water from roots to leaves and phloem transports products of photosynthesis down from leaves to roots for storage.

Continuous from root to leaf

35
Q

Elaborate on ground tissue

A

Simple tissue

Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma and Collenchyma

36
Q

Define primary growth

A

Longitudinal growth as a function of the primary meristem.

Takes place in buds.

37
Q

Define secondary growth

A

Lateral growth from the secondary meristems

Vascular cambium- produces rings of xylem(wood)to the inside and phloem(outer bark) to the outside.

Cork Cambium - Lies outside phloem and produces cork outward, compressing it against the epidermis to form the outer bark.

38
Q

What are the primary meristems and the meristematic tissues? where do they arise from.

A

Protoderm - gives rise to epidermis

Procambium - gives rise to primary xylem and phloem and eventually vascular cambium which is a secondary meristem.

Ground meristem- Gives rise to the cortex and pith and eventually the cork cambium which is a secondary meristem

-Arise from apical meristem

39
Q

What tissue does cork cambium create?

A

Phelloderm (Thin layer of cells to the inside of the cork cambium) and Cork to the outside.

40
Q

What are interfascicular parenchyma?

A

Parenchyma that specialize to link the vascular bundles of procambium together in a stem, creating a ring of VASCULAR cambium that will serve in secondary growth.

41
Q

Explain multiplicative division

A

Production of more initial cells to increase the circumference of the vascular cambium.

42
Q

explain additive division

A

When initial cell divides to form a phloem mother cell or xylem mother cell.

43
Q

What is the function of secondary growth

A

Enhance conduction

  • tracheids
  • vessels

Enhance support

  • tracheids
  • fibers
44
Q

Outline differences between early and late wood…

A 
Late
-high density
-thick wall
-narrow cell
Early
-lower density
-Thinner cell wall
-Wider cell
-co-incides with shoot elongation
45
Q

What is dendrochronology?

A

Science of tree ring dating

46
Q

How does bark form?

A

Epidermis ruptures due to secondary growth

Cork cambium forms within the cortex

Forms new periderms

New cork cambium forms

Significant species variation

47
Q

What is the difference between xylem cells in gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

Gymnosperm xylem conducts through tracheids and angiosperms conduct through vessels.

48
Q

Where are Ray cells found and what are their functions?

A

Ray cells are found in the woody tissue of angiosperms.

They conduct gases and water radially, connecting the tree from epidermis to xylem

49
Q

explain differentiation

A

meristematic cells differentiate into ground tissues

50
Q

Explain maturation

A

When a cell is fully differentiated. Fully differentiated cells are dead and have many important qualities for structure and conduction.

Botany: Cells And Tissues (6 decks)

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