Cells and Tissues Flashcards
What is the adaptation of the sperm cell?
Organelles
Acrosome in head has digestive enzymes (break down egg)
Mid-piece packed with mitochondria to release energy for movement
Movement
Tail rotates so it can swim
What are the adaptations of the root hair cell?
Increased surface area (uptake of H20 is greater)
Thinner walls = shorter diffusion pathway
Organelle
Mitochondria = active transport for mineral ions
Permanent vacuole = water potential is maintained
When do eukaryotes get specialised?
In multicelluar organisms via differentiaiton
Eukaryotes have become specialised to specific functions
What is the adaption for the muscle cells?
Organelles
High density of mitochondria = provide energy for contraction
What is the adaptation of the red blood cell?
Biconcave shape
No nucleus
= more space so more 02 can be transported
What is an Animal Cell made of?
Organelles (nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes) – all have membrane except the ribosomes
Cytoplasm (site of chemical reaction)
Cell Membrane (holds cell contents together, controls what enters/leaves cell, cell signalling)
What two things can change with adaptation to a eukaryotic cell?
The shape of the cell and organelles
The organelles
Instead of a single membrane, the mitochondria is what?
Double membrane organelle
What is the cell surface membrane made out of?
Phospholipid bilayer
What does the cristae in the mitochondria provide?
A high surface area
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
The site of photosynthesis
What are the functions of the nucleus?
Site of DNA replication and transcription
Contains the genetic code for a single cell
Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum
Folded membranes
Fluid filled
RER AND SER
Function of the RER
Synthesize and transport proteins throughout the cell
Function of the SER
Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
What is the difference between the RER and SER?
RER has ribsomes on surfaces
SER has NO ribsomes
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Modify and package proteins
Packages into vesicles for transport
Digestive enzymes are placed into lysosomes
What is the function of the ribsomes?
Site of protein synthesis
Name all the organelles in a Eukaryotic Cell?
Cell surface membrane Nucleues Mitochondria Chlorplasts Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Ribosomes RER SER Cell wall Cell Vacoule
What is a plant cell made of?
Organelles w/ chloroplasts + vacuole
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
What is the structure of the chloroplast?
Double membrane Contains thylakoids
What is the role of the permanent vacuole?
Providing support = turgid
Stores sugars + amino acids
Pigments help attract pollinators
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides stability
Prevents the bursting of the cell from osmosis pressure of water
What three things have a cell wall?
Fungi
Plants
Algae
What is the cell wall made of in plants?
Cellulose
What is the role of the cell surface membrane?
To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell
What are lysomes?
Relatively small organelles formed when the vesicles made by the golgi contain digestive enzymes
Name some of the functions of the lysosomes?
Release hydrolytic enzymes and break down cells/dead structures
What is the cell wall made of in fungi?
Chitin
What is the cell wall made of in Algae?
Cellulose or glycoprotiens
What organelles does a prokaryotic cell have?
Cell wall Capsule Cell surface membrane Cytoplasm Circular strand of DNA Plasmids Flagellum Ribsomes
What is the cell wall made of in Prokayotic cell?
Muerin (glycoprotien)
What is the role of plasmids?
Contains gene that aid survival of prokaryotes
