CELLS AND TISSUES

Question 1

smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence,
composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus.

Answer 1

CELL

Question 2

the living structural and functional units enclosed by a membrane.

Answer 2

CELLS

Question 3

the study of cellular structure and function

Answer 3

CYTOLOGY

Question 4

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Answer 4

MODERN FORM

Question 5

Cell contain the hereditary information of the organisms of which they
are part.

Answer 5

MODERN FORM

Question 6

First to arise in biological evolution. Generally solitary with the nuclear material unenclosed in a membrane

Answer 6

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Question 7

Multicellular and provided with a nuclear membrane. Larger and more complex, with a wider range of diversity and differentiation

Answer 7

EUKARYOTIC

Question 8

Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell.

Answer 8

CELL MEMBRANE

Question 9

the arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins.

Answer 9

FLUID MOSAIC

Question 10

act as a barrier to certain substances

Answer 10

LIPIDS

Question 11

act as “gatekeepers” to certain molecules and ions

Answer 11

PROTEINS

Question 12

extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it

Answer 12

INTEGRAL PROTEIN

Question 13

attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

Answer 13

PERIPHERAL PROTEIN

Question 14

Membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrudes into the extracellular fluid

Answer 14

GLYCOPROTEIN

Question 15

“sugary coating” surrounding the membrane made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Answer 15

GLYCOCALYX

Question 16

allows specific ions to move through water filled pore

Answer 16

ION CHANNEL(INTEGRAL)

Question 17

transports specific substances across membranes by changing shape, for example amino acids, needed to emphasize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers

Answer 17

CARRIER (INTEGRAL)

Question 18

recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in someway

Answer 18

RECEPTOR (INTEGRAL)

Question 19

catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell ( depending on which direction the active site faces)

Answer 19

ENZYME

Question 20

anchors filaments insides and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell

Answer 20

LINKER ( Integral and peripheral)

Question 21

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin)

Answer 21

CELL IDENTITY MARKER (GLYCOPROTEIN)

Question 22

The cell is either permeable or impermeable to certain substances.

Answer 22

MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY

Question 23

means that a structure permits the passage of substances through it.

Answer 23

PERMEABLE

Question 24

means that a structure does not permit the passage of substances through it

Answer 24

IMPEARABLE

Question 25

permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules (eg. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and steroids), but impermeable to glucose.

Answer 25

LIPID BILAYER

Question 26

the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other.

Answer 26

Concentration gradient

Question 27

It is the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other.

Answer 27

Electrical gradient

Question 28

WHAT CAN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND ELECTRICAL GRADIENT MAKE UP TOGETHER?

Answer 28

Electrochemical gradient

Question 29

Net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area with lower concentration, that is along their concentration gradient

Answer 29

Simple diffusion

Question 30

Simple diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 30

Osmosis

Question 31

Same as simple diffusion but the diffusing substance is attached to a lipid soluble carrier

Answer 31

. Facilitated Diffusion

Question 32

Movement of water and solutes through a semi-permeable membrane from an area with higher hydrostatic pressure to an area with a lower hydrostatic pressure, that is, along a pressure gradient.

Answer 32

Filtration

Question 33

Movement of substance through a membrane against a concentration or electrochemical gradient and requires a membrane carrier protein

Answer 33

. Active transport

Question 34

Secretion or ejection of substances enclosed in a membrane vesicle which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures

Answer 34

Exocytosis

Question 35

Engulfed extracellular substance are brought to the cytoplasm in a membrane-limited vesicle

Answer 35

. Endocytosis

Question 36

Cell eating; insoluble substances are engulfed and are enclosed in a vesicle known as “phagosome

Answer 36

Phagocytosis

Question 37

Cell drinking; engulfment of small amount of fluid enclosed in pinocytic vesicles

Answer 37

Pinocytosis

Question 38

External substances binds to membrane receptors and are engulfed with their receptors

Answer 38

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Question 39

principal parts of cells

Answer 39

A. Cell Membrane B. Cytoplasm C. Nucleus

Question 40

The protoplasm outside the nucleus which contains the different organelles and inclusions

Answer 40

Cytoplasm

Question 41

Metabolically active internal organs carrying out specific essential functions

Answer 41

Organelles

Question 42

Metabolically inert accumulations of cell products

Answer 42

Inclusions

Question 43

Forms the structural support or framework of the cell

Answer 43

Cytoskeleton

Question 44

Storage form of carbohydrates in animal cells

Answer 44

Glycogen

Question 45

Serves as energy storage

Answer 45

Lipid

Question 46

Least common among the inclusions

Answer 46

Crystals

Question 47

plays an important role in apoptosis

Answer 47

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 48

network of membrane enclosed sacs or tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm and connect to the nuclear envelope

Answer 48

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 49

modifies, sorts, packages, and transports protein received from the rough ER

Answer 49

GOLGI APARATUS

Question 50

Digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion into cytosol

Answer 50

lysosomes

Question 51

the pericentriolar material of the centrosome contains tubulins that build microtubules in nondividing cells

Answer 51

centrosome

Question 52

move fluids along a cell's surface

Answer 52

CILIA

Question 53

moves an entire cell

Answer 53

Flagelum

Question 54

thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton

Answer 54

Microfilaments

Question 55

thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules

Answer 55

Intermediate filaments

Question 56

largest of the cytoskeletal components and are long, unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin

Answer 56

Microtubules

Question 57

Control center of the cell

Answer 57

Nucleus

Question 58

a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units called genes

Answer 58

Chromosome

Question 59

control most aspects of cellular structure and function.

Answer 59

Genes

Question 60

the cell cycle is a sequence of self growth and division

Answer 60

cell cycle

Question 61

the time it takes to complete one cell cycle

Answer 61

generation time

Question 62

usually the longest & most variable phase of the cycle.

Answer 62

G1 phase

Question 63

characterized by DNA replication and beginning of centrosome duplication

Answer 63

S phase

Question 64

proteins required for mitosis starts to accumulate

Answer 64

G2 phase