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Biology 107 > Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop into Osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic Cells

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2
Q

Bone forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

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3
Q

Mature bone cells developed from osteoblasts; involved in the exchange of nutrients

A

Osteocytes

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4
Q

Formed from monocytes; involved in breaking down bone

A

Osteoclasts

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5
Q

Concentric rings of mineral salts (hard)

A

Lamellae

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6
Q

Space between Lamellae containing osteocytes

A

Lacunae

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7
Q

Minute canals that radiate from lacunae; involved in the transport of O2, H20, and waste

A

Canaliculi

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8
Q

Space containing blood vessels and nerves

A

Central/Haversian Canal

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9
Q

Red blood cells involved in transport of O2, and CO2

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

White blood cells involved in combatting disease

A

Leukocytes

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11
Q

Neutrophils and Macrophages

A

Phagocytic - engulf bacteria

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12
Q

Involved in the release of inflammatory substances such as histamines

A

Basophiles/Mast Cells

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13
Q

Work in acute allergic response, effective against parasitic worms

A

Eosinphils

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14
Q

Involved in the immune response, White blood cells

A

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

Fragments of megakaryocytes; involved in clotting

A

Platelets

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16
Q

Dense, regular connective tissue attaching to bone

A

Tendon

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17
Q

Dense, irregular connective tissue, surrounds anatomical muscle

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

Dense, irregular connective tissue, surrounds muscle in bundles/fascicles

A

Perimysium

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19
Q

Areolar connective tissue, surrounds each muscle fibre

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

Contractile unit of muscle fibres filling the cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

Myofibrils

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21
Q

Myofilaments (from myofibrils) made of Actin, 8nm in Diameter

A

Thin Filaments

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22
Q

Myofilaments (from myofibrils) made of Myosin, 16nm in Diameter

A

Thick Filaments

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23
Q

Band of all thick filaments and some overlapping thin filaments, dark middle part

A

A - band

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24
Q

Band of only thin filaments

A

I - Band

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25
Q

Part of only thick filaments

A

H - Zone

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26
Q

Plate of dense material passes through the I - Band, separates sarcomeres

A

Z - Disc

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27
Q

Middle of sarcomere, holds thick filaments together

A

M - Line

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28
Q

Protein linking Z - Disc to M - Line, and which provides resting tension in I - Band

A

Titin

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29
Q

Tissue which is striated and involuntary, fibres join end to end through inter-calculated discs

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

30
Q

Types of junctions linking inter-calculated discs in Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Gap Junctions and Desmosomes

31
Q

Involuntary tissue with spindle shaped cells which a single nucleus. Bundles of non striated think/thin filaments connected to dense bodies - wall of hollow internal structures e.g. blood vessels and intestines

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

32
Q

Brain and Spinal cord system

A

CNS (Central Nervous System)

33
Q

All nervous tissue barring brain and spinal cord

A

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

34
Q

Nervous tissue involved in detection of external and internal stimuli which transfers to the CNS (unipolar neurons)

A

Sensory Nervous Tissue

35
Q

Nervous tissue involved in analysis and storing information

A

Integrative Nervous Tisse

36
Q

Nervous tissue involved in stimulation of effectors (muscles/glands) through the PNS (multipolar neurons)

A

Motor Nervous Tissue

37
Q

Neuron with several dendrites with a single axon, body of the cell close to the dendrites. CNS.

A

Multipolar Neurons

38
Q

Neuron with one main dendrite and one axon, body of the cell between axon and dendrites, Rare

A

Bipolar Neurons

39
Q

Neuron with many dendrites and one axon emerging as a single structure from the cell body

A

Unipolar Neurons

40
Q

Star-shaped, large, supportive, wrap around blood vessels via endothelium for permeability

A

Astrocytes (CNS)

41
Q

form myelin sheath around CNS axons - more than one at a time

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

42
Q

Phagocytotic, swells when active, protection

A

Microglia (CNS)

43
Q

Produce cerebrospinal fluid, lines ventricles in the brain, spinal cord

A

Eppendymal Cells (CNS)

44
Q

form myelin sheath around axons one at a time - can also support more than 1 non-myelinated axon(s) at one time

A

Schwann Cell (PNS)

45
Q

surrounds cell bodies, support fluid exchange

A

Satellite Cells (PNS)

46
Q

Voluntary tissue long cylindrical striated cells, multinucleate - attach to bones for protection, motion, posture, heat

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

47
Q

Connective tissue formed from B- Lymphocyte, these produce antibodies -

A

Plasma Cells

48
Q

Phagocytic connective tissue, fixed and wandering forms - FIXED: Areolar tissue, spleen - WANDERING: infection/inflammatory/injury sites

A

Macrophages

49
Q

Connective tissue cells storing fat found under skin and around organs

A

Adipocytes

50
Q

Widely distributed in connective tissue secrete components of the matrix (ground substance and fibres)

A

Fibroblasts

51
Q

Mixture of water, proteins, sugars e.g. glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) such as chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, Heparin Sulphate, Keratin sulphate. - from proteoglycans when binding with proteins - Hyaluronic acid does not bind to a core protein

A

Ground Substance

52
Q

makes ground substance more liquid - produced by white blood cells, sperm

A

Hyaluronidase

53
Q

Glycosaminoglycan which is support/adhesive for cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

A

Chondroitin Sulphate

54
Q

Glycosaminoglycan which supports bone, cartilage, cornea of eye

A

Keratin Sulphate

55
Q

Glycosaminoglycan which supports skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

A

Dermatan Sulphate

56
Q

Secretes directly into blood via interstitial fluid e.g. Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland,

A

Endocrine Gland

57
Q

Secretes indo ducts that empty into the surface of a lining epithelium e.g. Oil glands, sweat and salivary glands, wax glands

A

Exocrine Gland

58
Q

Which gland is both Endocrine and Exocrine?

A

Pancreas

59
Q

Connective tissue which is ver strong and flexible, most abundant protein

A

Collagen Fibres (THICK)

60
Q

Connective tissue composed of collagen in bundles coated by glycoproteins, formed from fibroblasts as part of the basement membrane and provide strength and support

A

Reticular Fibres (Thinner Branches)

61
Q

Connective tissue comprised of elastin surrounded by glycoprotein Fibrilin to give strength and stability - is extremely flexible and stretchy, found in skin, blood vessels, lungs

A

Elastin Fibres (Thin fibrous network)

62
Q

Marfan Syndrom

A

Hereiditary defect in elastic fibres resulting from a dominant mutation of a gene on chromosome 15 - codes for Fibrilin

  • This glycoprotein adds structural support for elastin
  • People will end up tall, long limbed, protruding/collapsed chest, weakened heart valves and arterial walls
  • TGFb (Transforming Growth Factor beta) cannot bind to fibrilin causing this abnormal growth
63
Q

One layer of flat, thin cells
Most delicate endothelium, used for filtration in lungs, kidney, found in eye
- Mesothelium - lines pericardial, plural, peritoneal cavities
- Endothelium - lines heart and blood vessels

A

Simple Squamous

64
Q

One layer of cuboidal cells
- Pancreas ducts, lines kidney tubules, lens surface of eye, secretory chambers of thyroid, pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina

A

Simple Cuboidal

65
Q

One layer of rectangular cells with elongated nuclei

  • Non-ciliated - goblet cells assist movement via secreting mucus, also has micro-villi, lines gastrointestinal tract from stomach to anus
  • Ciliated - also has goblet cells, lines part of the upper respiratory tract
A

Simple Columnar

66
Q

Multiple layers of thin flat cells

  • keratinised - Skin epithelium (tough and waterproof)
  • non-keratinised - lining of mouth, oesophagus, throat, tongue, anus, vagina (Protect from abrasion and microbes)
A

Stratified Squamous

67
Q

Multiple layers of cuboidal cells

Lines ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophageal glans, male urethra

A

Stratified Cuboidal

68
Q

Multiple layers of rectangular cells
Rare: part of the urethra, some large gland ducts, anal mucosal membrane, conjunctiva of eye
Protection and secretion

A

Stratified Columnar

69
Q

Multiple layers of cells which can move between flat through cuboidal

  • Looks cuboidal when relaxed and flat the stretched
  • Found in bladder
A

Stratified transitional

70
Q

One layer which appears to me multiple layers due to the different heights of nuclei, rectangular cells

  • Ciliated - Contains goblet cells, lines airways of most of upper respiratory tracts
  • Non-Ciliated - absorption and protection, larger ducts of glands, epididymis (tube storing sperm) , male urethra
A

Psudo-stratified Columnar

71
Q

Pituitary Gland Secretes too much growth hormone from childhood

A

Gigantism

72
Q

Pituitary Gland Secretes too much growth hormone from Adulthood

A

Acromegaly

Biology 107 (5 decks)

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