Cells and Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
Mesenchymal stem cells that develop into Osteoblasts
A
Osteogenic Cells
2
Q
Bone forming cells
A
Osteoblasts
3
Q
Mature bone cells developed from osteoblasts; involved in the exchange of nutrients
A
Osteocytes
4
Q
Formed from monocytes; involved in breaking down bone
A
Osteoclasts
5
Q
Concentric rings of mineral salts (hard)
A
Lamellae
6
Q
Space between Lamellae containing osteocytes
A
Lacunae
7
Q
Minute canals that radiate from lacunae; involved in the transport of O2, H20, and waste
A
Canaliculi
8
Q
Space containing blood vessels and nerves
A
Central/Haversian Canal
9
Q
Red blood cells involved in transport of O2, and CO2
A
Erythrocytes
10
Q
White blood cells involved in combatting disease
A
Leukocytes
11
Q
Neutrophils and Macrophages
A
Phagocytic - engulf bacteria
12
Q
Involved in the release of inflammatory substances such as histamines
A
Basophiles/Mast Cells
13
Q
Work in acute allergic response, effective against parasitic worms
A
Eosinphils
14
Q
Involved in the immune response, White blood cells
A
Lymphocytes
15
Q
Fragments of megakaryocytes; involved in clotting
A
Platelets
16
Q
Dense, regular connective tissue attaching to bone
A
Tendon
17
Q
Dense, irregular connective tissue, surrounds anatomical muscle
A
Epimysium
18
Q
Dense, irregular connective tissue, surrounds muscle in bundles/fascicles
A
Perimysium
19
Q
Areolar connective tissue, surrounds each muscle fibre
A
Endomysium
20
Q
Contractile unit of muscle fibres filling the cytoplasm of muscle cells
A
Myofibrils
21
Q
Myofilaments (from myofibrils) made of Actin, 8nm in Diameter
A
Thin Filaments
22
Q
Myofilaments (from myofibrils) made of Myosin, 16nm in Diameter
A
Thick Filaments
23
Q
Band of all thick filaments and some overlapping thin filaments, dark middle part
A
A - band
24
Q
Band of only thin filaments
A
I - Band
25
Part of only thick filaments
H - Zone
26
Plate of dense material passes through the I - Band, separates sarcomeres
Z - Disc
27
Middle of sarcomere, holds thick filaments together
M - Line
28
Protein linking Z - Disc to M - Line, and which provides resting tension in I - Band
Titin
29
Tissue which is striated and involuntary, fibres join end to end through inter-calculated discs
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
30
Types of junctions linking inter-calculated discs in Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Gap Junctions and Desmosomes
31
Involuntary tissue with spindle shaped cells which a single nucleus. Bundles of non striated think/thin filaments connected to dense bodies - wall of hollow internal structures e.g. blood vessels and intestines
Smooth Muscle Tissue
32
Brain and Spinal cord system
CNS (Central Nervous System)
33
All nervous tissue barring brain and spinal cord
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
34
Nervous tissue involved in detection of external and internal stimuli which transfers to the CNS (unipolar neurons)
Sensory Nervous Tissue
35
Nervous tissue involved in analysis and storing information
Integrative Nervous Tisse
36
Nervous tissue involved in stimulation of effectors (muscles/glands) through the PNS (multipolar neurons)
Motor Nervous Tissue
37
Neuron with several dendrites with a single axon, body of the cell close to the dendrites. CNS.
Multipolar Neurons
38
Neuron with one main dendrite and one axon, body of the cell between axon and dendrites, Rare
Bipolar Neurons
39
Neuron with many dendrites and one axon emerging as a single structure from the cell body
Unipolar Neurons
40
Star-shaped, large, supportive, wrap around blood vessels via endothelium for permeability
Astrocytes (CNS)
41
form myelin sheath around CNS axons - more than one at a time
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
42
Phagocytotic, swells when active, protection
Microglia (CNS)
43
Produce cerebrospinal fluid, lines ventricles in the brain, spinal cord
Eppendymal Cells (CNS)
44
form myelin sheath around axons one at a time - can also support more than 1 non-myelinated axon(s) at one time
Schwann Cell (PNS)
45
surrounds cell bodies, support fluid exchange
Satellite Cells (PNS)
46
Voluntary tissue long cylindrical striated cells, multinucleate - attach to bones for protection, motion, posture, heat
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
47
Connective tissue formed from B- Lymphocyte, these produce antibodies -
Plasma Cells
48
Phagocytic connective tissue, fixed and wandering forms - FIXED: Areolar tissue, spleen - WANDERING: infection/inflammatory/injury sites
Macrophages
49
Connective tissue cells storing fat found under skin and around organs
Adipocytes
50
Widely distributed in connective tissue secrete components of the matrix (ground substance and fibres)
Fibroblasts
51
Mixture of water, proteins, sugars e.g. glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) such as chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, Heparin Sulphate, Keratin sulphate. - from proteoglycans when binding with proteins - Hyaluronic acid does not bind to a core protein
Ground Substance
52
makes ground substance more liquid - produced by white blood cells, sperm
Hyaluronidase
53
Glycosaminoglycan which is support/adhesive for cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels
Chondroitin Sulphate
54
Glycosaminoglycan which supports bone, cartilage, cornea of eye
Keratin Sulphate
55
Glycosaminoglycan which supports skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves
Dermatan Sulphate
56
Secretes directly into blood via interstitial fluid e.g. Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland,
Endocrine Gland
57
Secretes indo ducts that empty into the surface of a lining epithelium e.g. Oil glands, sweat and salivary glands, wax glands
Exocrine Gland
58
Which gland is both Endocrine and Exocrine?
Pancreas
59
Connective tissue which is ver strong and flexible, most abundant protein
Collagen Fibres (THICK)
60
Connective tissue composed of collagen in bundles coated by glycoproteins, formed from fibroblasts as part of the basement membrane and provide strength and support
Reticular Fibres (Thinner Branches)
61
Connective tissue comprised of elastin surrounded by glycoprotein Fibrilin to give strength and stability - is extremely flexible and stretchy, found in skin, blood vessels, lungs
Elastin Fibres (Thin fibrous network)
62
Marfan Syndrom
Hereiditary defect in elastic fibres resulting from a dominant mutation of a gene on chromosome 15 - codes for Fibrilin
- This glycoprotein adds structural support for elastin
- People will end up tall, long limbed, protruding/collapsed chest, weakened heart valves and arterial walls
- TGFb (Transforming Growth Factor beta) cannot bind to fibrilin causing this abnormal growth
63
One layer of flat, thin cells
Most delicate endothelium, used for filtration in lungs, kidney, found in eye
- Mesothelium - lines pericardial, plural, peritoneal cavities
- Endothelium - lines heart and blood vessels
Simple Squamous
64
One layer of cuboidal cells
- Pancreas ducts, lines kidney tubules, lens surface of eye, secretory chambers of thyroid, pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina
Simple Cuboidal
65
One layer of rectangular cells with elongated nuclei
- Non-ciliated - goblet cells assist movement via secreting mucus, also has micro-villi, lines gastrointestinal tract from stomach to anus
- Ciliated - also has goblet cells, lines part of the upper respiratory tract
Simple Columnar
66
Multiple layers of thin flat cells
- keratinised - Skin epithelium (tough and waterproof)
- non-keratinised - lining of mouth, oesophagus, throat, tongue, anus, vagina (Protect from abrasion and microbes)
Stratified Squamous
67
Multiple layers of cuboidal cells
| Lines ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophageal glans, male urethra
Stratified Cuboidal
68
Multiple layers of rectangular cells
Rare: part of the urethra, some large gland ducts, anal mucosal membrane, conjunctiva of eye
Protection and secretion
Stratified Columnar
69
Multiple layers of cells which can move between flat through cuboidal
- Looks cuboidal when relaxed and flat the stretched
- Found in bladder
Stratified transitional
70
One layer which appears to me multiple layers due to the different heights of nuclei, rectangular cells
- Ciliated - Contains goblet cells, lines airways of most of upper respiratory tracts
- Non-Ciliated - absorption and protection, larger ducts of glands, epididymis (tube storing sperm) , male urethra
Psudo-stratified Columnar
71
Pituitary Gland Secretes too much growth hormone from childhood
Gigantism
72
Pituitary Gland Secretes too much growth hormone from Adulthood
Acromegaly
