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BIOSCI 107 > Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

11 systems of the human body

A

Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

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2
Q

Human bodies six levels of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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3
Q

Chemical level of structural organization

A

Human bodies blueprint and building blocks eg. DNA and Atoms

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4
Q

Cellular level of structural organization

A

The basic functional units of the human body (200 different types)

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5
Q

Tissue level of structural organization

A

When different groups of cells work collectively to perform a certain function.
Four main tissue types.

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6
Q

Organ level of structural organization

A

Organs are made out of two different tissue types and have a specific function in the body eg. heart

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7
Q

System level of structural organization

A

When related organs work independently but complementary due to having a similar objective. eg. digestive and cardiovascular

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8
Q

Organismal level of structural organization

A

When all of the 5 levels of structural organization work collective to constitute a human being.

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9
Q

Integumentary system of the human body

A

Epidermis: Thin top organ layer of human skin. Protects surface and deeper tissue.

Dermis: Dermis is a thicker second organ layer of the humans skin. It is here that vitamin D (nutritional component) is produced and this is used by the Dermis to feed the Epidermis and strengthen it’s glands.

Hair Follicles and Sebaceous Glands: Hair Sebaceous glands reside in a hair follicles stored on either side of follicles root and secrete an oily and waxy waste called sebum which lubricates the skin and hair Follicles. Hair Follicles are sensory and provide protection. Resident in dermis

Sweat Glands and breast tissue:
Thermoregulation: Evaporative, cooling (sweat). Resident in dermis

Nails: Stiffen and protect phalanges. Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland.

Sensory receptors: Detects sensations (touch), pressure, temperature, pain

Hypodermis: Is the bottom organ layer beneath the dermis and epidermis which is responsible for storing fat. This layer connects the skins surface to deeper layers.

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10
Q

Muscular system of the human body

A

Skeletal Muscles: Allows movement, Eg. Opening mouth to eat. Control entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory system and urinary system, Produce heat (shivering) which is an uncontrolled contractile. Support skeleton -Protect soft tissues eg. Abdominal wall protects stomach organs

Axial Muscles: These support axial skeleton, Provides support and positioning of axial skeleton - helps with maintaining posture, eg. spinal and abdominal

Appendicular Muscles: Appendices of the skeleton: Controls the movements of upper and lower body. Provide movement Support Based in the body according to which part of the skeleton they are responsible supporting, moving and bracing (in particular) the arms and legs.

Tendons and aponeuroses: These are the connections of muscle and bone for a tendon: They are both connective tissue but with different functions.

Tendon - Fibrous connection between muscle and bond provide flexibility and mobility. **

Aponeuroses - Most often muscle to muscle fibrous connection acts as a barrier that increases strength and durability for muscles and (occasionally) bones

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11
Q

Skeletal system of the human body

A

Overall : Two different types of skeletal components are axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

Bones, Cartilage and Joints: Supportive connecting tissue - minimizes all sorts of bone interfaces (see blue).

Types: hyaline cartilage which is found in the (ribs and joints, fibrocartilage which is found between the vertebrae (discs).

Axial Skeleton: (Yellow), Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, and ligaments
Appendicular Skeleton: Provides internal support and provides the structure of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to effectively move the axial skeleton. Protects the brain and the spinal cord (bony cases)

Appendicular skeleton: Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
Bone, Bone Marrow, Red blood cell:

Red bone marrowcontains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. **

Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.

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12
Q

Nervous system of the human body

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): Control center, Short term control over other systems,

Brain: Complex integrative activities

Controls voluntary and involuntary

Spinal cord: Relays information to and from brain

Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

Special senses: Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium

Peripheral Nervous system(PNS)(yellow):Links CNS with other systems and sense organs.

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13
Q

Endocrine system of the human body

A

Pineal Gland: Responsible for managing our bodies biological clock (day and night rhythms).
Hypothalamus and the pituitary gland: Very important, master hormone endocrine system, where they control many other endocrine glands that are distributed through the body, They’re important for regulating growth and fluid balance. Eg. Thyroid Glands

Thyroid Glands (bow) : produces a number of hormones that are very important for manipulating metabolic rate.

parathyroid glands: These particular glands are very important for managing calcium levels.

Imp of Calcium: Calcium is a very important iron in our body and is involved in
heart conduction and much of the signaling that goes on in many cells remotely etc. - Must be well controlled.
Thymus: Maturation of lymphocytes:
Adrenal Glands: Yellow color on top of kidney. Store important hormones that we may have encountered before, such as aldosterone own cortisol and adrenaline. Involved in either water balance and in our mineral balance, our metabolism labels or our fight and flight type response .
Kidney: Produce hormones that substantively alter the way that red blood cells and blood pressure and calcium are all affected.
Pancreas: In here for producing hormones that manage glucose control
Gonads: Testicles and Ovaries - that produce a number of hormones that are involved in sexual characteristics and reproduction

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14
Q

Lymphatic system of the human body

A

What they carry: Lymphatic Vessels: Movement - Network of vessels, they’re their own structures that traverse through all tissues in the body. The carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues.
Lymphatic Fluid: Lymphatic fluid that is traversing these inside these channels. Lipids ( fats and fatty tissue) from gut, fluid from tissue.
B Cells and T Cells: Also in there, we find a number of different types of immune cells B and T cells in particular. Cells that carry out immune responses
Lymph Nodes (Dots on D):Small aggregates of immune cells, which check the composition of the returning fluid that return via the lymphatic system, looking out for pathogens in particular. When they come in contact with a pathogen they will respond by activating immune cells to fight that infection.
Spleen: Where red blood cells get recycled, and it has a large amount of time and has a number of follicles in there with lymphocytes present.
Thymus: Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature.

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15
Q

Cardiovascular system of the human body

A

Three Components

A. Heart: The heart propels the blood and maintains the blood pressure. Blood vessels obviously carry the blood around.
B. Blood Vessels- Arteries, Capillaries and veins: Conduits (a channel for conveying water or other fluid): A channel for conveying water or other fluid, Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids (Fluid found in the spaces around cells) and return blood from heart to capillaries.
C. Blood: transport of blood oxygen, nutrients and hormones. Regulates temperature because it can move closer or further from the skin surface and it carries immune cells. and removes waste. Defends against illness (immune cells), Acid Base Balance.

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16
Q

Respiratory system of the human body

A

Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses: Primary function is to deliver oxygen to blood. Filter warm humidify air and detect smells
Pharynx: Conducts air to Larynx
Larynx Protects opening to Trachea (the long tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your bronchi. Your bronchi send air to your lungs.)
Trachea: Conducts air down to the Bronchi. Cartilage keeps it open
Bronchi: Conducts air between trachea and lungs
Lungs: Responsible for air movement. Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli (where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out). Acid base control (intake oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide).

17
Q

Digestive system of the human body

A

Oral Cavitary(Mouth):Breaks up food with teeth and tongue
Salivary Glands: Buffers and Lubricates. Enzymes in saliva that begin digestion.
Pharynx: Solid goods and liquid to the esophagus. Chamber shared with respiratory system.
Esophagus: Deliver food to the stomach
Stomach: Secretes acid, enzymes and hormone
Small Intestine: Digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones, absorbs nutrients from consumed food and drinks.
Liver: Secretes bile (Bile isa digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder), regulates nutrients in the blood.
Gallbladder: Concentrates bile
Pancreas: Digestive enzymes, Buffers, Endocrine Cells
Anus and Large Intestine: Water removal, waste storage and removal

18
Q

Urinary system of the human body

A

Kidneys: Forms and concentrates urine. Regulates pH and ions. Blood volume and blood pressure. Also falls on the endocrine system
Ureters: Conduct urine to bladder
Bladder: Stores urine prior to elimination
Urethra: Conducts urine to exterior

EPO:

  • Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney.
  • It signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow
  • The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell)causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen.
19
Q

Reproductive system of the human body - Men

A
  • Men’s reproductive system
    • *Testicles:** Produce sperm and other hormones therefore in endocrine system as well.
    • *Accessory Organs**
    Epididymis: Sperm maturationDuctus Deferens: Sperm from epididymisSeminal Glands: Seminal fluid
    Prostate Glands: Seminal fluid
    Urethrae: Sperm to exteriorExternal genitalia - Penis, Scrotum: Reproduction and thermal
    control testes
20
Q

Reproductive system of the human body - Women

A

Ovaries: Oocytes and hormones (In endocrine system as well).

Uterine tubes: Delivery oocyte. Location of fertilization

Uterus: Embryonic development

Vagina and external genitalia: Lubrication, Sperm reception, Birth canal

Mammary glands: Nutrition for new-born

(This is a modified sweat gland and so also part of the integumentary system)

21
Q

Epithelia Tissue Purpose

A

Epithelia tissue is a group of epithelia cells working collectively to cover surface, Line hollow organs, Produce Glands

22
Q

Epithelia Tissue key functions

A

Selective Barrer: (Limit or Alter the transfer of different molecules around the body.

Secretory: Limits or alters the transport of various molecules around our body.

Protective: Interface between the outside words and internal junctions

23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Skeleton of a cell.

Two main structural components

Micro-Filament:

Bundles of protein that transverse across the cell providing shape and cell strength.

Intermediate Filament:

Responsible for the movement of materials through the cytoplasm nd provides structural cell strength.

24
Q

Common Cell Junctions

A

How cells are held together
Lateral:
Tight, Adheren, Desmosome

Gap Junctions

Basal Junction: Hemidesmosome

25
Q

The basement membrane features

A

All epithelium overlay a basement membrane

Two structural components: Basil lamina and the reticular lamina (below)

Connective tissue is below. These two structural components are made by secreted proteins mainly by the epithelium. Reticular lamina is usually made from cells resident in the connective tissue.

Epithelia contains nerves but no blood cells. They get nutrients via diffusion from the connective tissue and across the basement membrane the epithelia because the connective membrane has blood vessels (blood oxygen). Waste material form the epithelia can also diffuse down to the connective tissue the same way.

26
Q

The basement membrane importance

A

Provides foundation for a wound and growth will disrupt the junction between cells and the basement membrane. In an orderly manner, the fiber blasts support the reconstruction of the basement membrane and allow the cells to re-junction because they have a surface below them.

Will act as a physical barrier between our inside body and the world

Moderates the movement of material eg. participates in the filtration of substances in the kidney

27
Q

Cell arrangement and shape

A

Three different types of arrangement

  • Simple: single layer (secretion; absorption; filtration)
  • Stratified: two or more layers (protective)
  • Pseudostratified: appears to have multiple layers as judged by positions of nuclei.

Three different types of shape

  • Squamous: flat and thin (helps allow passage by diffusion)
  • Cuboidal: about as tall as they are wide (secretion; absorption)
  • Columnar: more tall than wide (secretion; absorption)
  • Transitional: a stratified epithelium in which the cells can change shape from cuboidal to flat shape depending on organ shape (allow stretch e.g. urinary bladder)
28
Q

Membrane modification

A

When cells need to change particular aspects of their shape and appearance in order to facilitate their specific functions eg. Small intestine has vertical appendages (bristles) in the apical section of it’s cell to increase surface area.

29
Q

Cilia

A

Membrane modification - Cilia: - These are appendages that are located in the apical section of the cell. The length of these are larger than the microvilli and their motor, they motile which means that they are able to sweep or propel a material in a certain direction

Occasionally called the muscociliary escalator or elevator eg. fallopian tube moves egg along

30
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

These glands consist of a singular cell or multiple cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface or into blood.

They are classified according to where they secrete these substances

Two broad classifications: Exocrine and Endocrine

31
Q

Glandular Epithelia - Exocrine

A

Secrete directly into blood usually via traversing interstitial fluid

Example: Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, Generally distant strong effects

32
Q

Glandular Epithelia - Endocrine

A

Secrete into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or lining epithelium.

Example: Sweat and salivary glands; oil glands; wax glands; pancreas; Generally local effects

33
Q

Connective Tissue and Features

A 
CT = ECM + Cells
Connective Tissue=
Extracellular matrix (ECM)+cells
  • Connective Tissue cannot generally be found on our bodies surface.
  • Can be highly vascular
  • Excusing cartilage avascular and tendons little blood supply
  • Supplied by nerves ex. Cartilage
34
Q

ECM

A

Extracellular Matrix

ECM = GS + PF

Ground Substance + Protein Fibers.

These fibers and ECM are secreted by the cells that are resident in this ECM.

This ECM’s structure plays a significant role in the different connective tissue qualities

Examples:

  • If ECM of the connective tissue is firm and rubbery this will result in cartilage.

BIOSCI 107 (1 decks)

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