Cells and Terminology Flashcards
Label the structure of the human cell
See print out
Define the function of a nucleus
Largest organelle, all cells (except red blood cells), contains genetic material
Define the function of a membrane
Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell regulating intracellular environment
Define the function of a ribosome
Synthesise protein from amino acids using RNA template
Define the function of mitochondria
Aerobic respiration with O2 and ATP- batteries of the body (make up all our energy)
Define the function of endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth: synthesis lips and steroids hormones
Rough: studded with ribosomes- synthesis protein and leave by exocytosis
Define the function of Golgi apparatus
Synthesised proteins are packaged and stored here
Define the function of lysosome
Small membranous vesicles containing enzymes
Name 3 ways that substances are moved through the cellular membrane and into/out the cell
Osmosis, diffusion and active transport
Define osmosis
Movement of water down the concentration gradient
Define diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Define active transport
Transport of substances up the concentration gradient requiring energy and carriers
What’s another name for red blood cells, white blood cells, muscle cell, cartilage cells and nerve cells?
RBC: erythrocytes, WBC: leukocytes, MC: myocytes, CC: chondrocytes, NC: neurones
Name 6 functions of cells
- Reproduce
- Nourishment (create and maintain)
- Movement (energy and transport)
- Excretion (get rid of waste)
- Growth
- Respiration
Describe the function of red blood cells
Carry oxygen
Describe the function of kidney tubule cells
Control water and salt excretion
Describe the function of cardiac cells
Contract and control heart pumping
Describe the function of cartilage
Structural support
Describe the function of a neurone
Conduct electrical impulses (messages)
Describe the function of the sperm
Convey genetic material for reproduction
What are groups of similar cells called?
Tissues
Name 4 basic tissue types
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
Define the function of connective tissue
Most abundant type of cells- binding, supporting, protecting (e.g. cartilage, blood, adipose, bone)
Define the function of epithelial tissue
Cells forming continuous sheets often lining body cavities (e.g. skin, gut lining, glands)
Define the function of muscle tissue
- Skeletal muscle under voluntary control, attached to bone for motion/posture.
- Smooth muscle forming walls of tubes e.g. airways, blood vessels, gut, bladder, uterus for propulsion of substances.
- Cardiac muscle under involuntary control causing the heart to pump.
Define the function of nervous tissue
Neurones conduct electrical impulses throughout the body (e.g. brain, spinal cord) to control body function/movement/secretion/senses
What do groups of tissues form?
Organs (grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognisable structure with a specific function)
What is a system?
Collection of related organs with a common function
Name the 6 levels of organisation
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismal level
What is mitosis?
Cell division
What is apoptosis?
Cell suicide
What is necrosis?
Cell damage/disease
Define the purpose of mitosis
Cells are continually undergoing apoptosis and continually replaced by mitosis e.g. gut epithelium - turnover every 3 days, skin epidermis - turnover every 2-4 weeks
Describe the stages of mitosis
- Interphase: DNA replication
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses making the chromosomes visible
- Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down
- Metaphase: Chromosomes become aligned at the equatorial plane
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and the resultant daughter chromosomes move toward the poles
- Telophase: Daughter chromosomes reach the poles and form two new nuclei
Describe the stages of apoptosis
- A normal cells shrinks. Chromatin condenses.
- Membrane starts blebbing. Organelles disintegrate.
- Nucleus and organelles collapse. Membrane continues to bleb.
- Apoptotic bodies form.
- Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic bodies.
- No inflammation.
Describe what can happen during aging, with reference to cells
Mitosis slows down so cells that die aren’t replaced, leading to signs of aging e.g. reduced number on immune cells leads to increased risk of infections.
Apoptosis can increase in some cells causing disease e.g. Alzheimer’s whee nerve cells die more quickly.
Apoptosis can stop, causing cells to over-divide and form tumours.
Medical terminology
See Quizlet
