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NU1012- Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice > Cells and Terminology > Flashcards

Cells and Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the structure of the human cell

A

See print out

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2
Q

Define the function of a nucleus

A

Largest organelle, all cells (except red blood cells), contains genetic material

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3
Q

Define the function of a membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell regulating intracellular environment

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4
Q

Define the function of a ribosome

A

Synthesise protein from amino acids using RNA template

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5
Q

Define the function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration with O2 and ATP- batteries of the body (make up all our energy)

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6
Q

Define the function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth: synthesis lips and steroids hormones
Rough: studded with ribosomes- synthesis protein and leave by exocytosis

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7
Q

Define the function of Golgi apparatus

A

Synthesised proteins are packaged and stored here

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8
Q

Define the function of lysosome

A

Small membranous vesicles containing enzymes

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9
Q

Name 3 ways that substances are moved through the cellular membrane and into/out the cell

A

Osmosis, diffusion and active transport

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10
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water down the concentration gradient

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11
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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12
Q

Define active transport

A

Transport of substances up the concentration gradient requiring energy and carriers

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13
Q

What’s another name for red blood cells, white blood cells, muscle cell, cartilage cells and nerve cells?

A

RBC: erythrocytes, WBC: leukocytes, MC: myocytes, CC: chondrocytes, NC: neurones

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14
Q

Name 6 functions of cells

A
  1. Reproduce
  2. Nourishment (create and maintain)
  3. Movement (energy and transport)
  4. Excretion (get rid of waste)
  5. Growth
  6. Respiration
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15
Q

Describe the function of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen

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16
Q

Describe the function of kidney tubule cells

A

Control water and salt excretion

17
Q

Describe the function of cardiac cells

A

Contract and control heart pumping

18
Q

Describe the function of cartilage

A

Structural support

19
Q

Describe the function of a neurone

A

Conduct electrical impulses (messages)

20
Q

Describe the function of the sperm

A

Convey genetic material for reproduction

21
Q

What are groups of similar cells called?

A

Tissues

22
Q

Name 4 basic tissue types

A
  1. Connective
  2. Epithelial
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
23
Q

Define the function of connective tissue

A

Most abundant type of cells- binding, supporting, protecting (e.g. cartilage, blood, adipose, bone)

24
Q

Define the function of epithelial tissue

A

Cells forming continuous sheets often lining body cavities (e.g. skin, gut lining, glands)

25
Q

Define the function of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal muscle under voluntary control, attached to bone for motion/posture.
  2. Smooth muscle forming walls of tubes e.g. airways, blood vessels, gut, bladder, uterus for propulsion of substances.
  3. Cardiac muscle under involuntary control causing the heart to pump.
26
Q

Define the function of nervous tissue

A

Neurones conduct electrical impulses throughout the body (e.g. brain, spinal cord) to control body function/movement/secretion/senses

27
Q

What do groups of tissues form?

A

Organs (grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognisable structure with a specific function)

28
Q

What is a system?

A

Collection of related organs with a common function

29
Q

Name the 6 levels of organisation

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. System level
  6. Organismal level
30
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division

31
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell suicide

32
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell damage/disease

33
Q

Define the purpose of mitosis

A

Cells are continually undergoing apoptosis and continually replaced by mitosis e.g. gut epithelium - turnover every 3 days, skin epidermis - turnover every 2-4 weeks

34
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis

A
  1. Interphase: DNA replication
  2. Prophase: Chromatin condenses making the chromosomes visible
  3. Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down
  4. Metaphase: Chromosomes become aligned at the equatorial plane
  5. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and the resultant daughter chromosomes move toward the poles
  6. Telophase: Daughter chromosomes reach the poles and form two new nuclei
35
Q

Describe the stages of apoptosis

A
  1. A normal cells shrinks. Chromatin condenses.
  2. Membrane starts blebbing. Organelles disintegrate.
  3. Nucleus and organelles collapse. Membrane continues to bleb.
  4. Apoptotic bodies form.
  5. Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic bodies.
  6. No inflammation.
36
Q

Describe what can happen during aging, with reference to cells

A

Mitosis slows down so cells that die aren’t replaced, leading to signs of aging e.g. reduced number on immune cells leads to increased risk of infections.
Apoptosis can increase in some cells causing disease e.g. Alzheimer’s whee nerve cells die more quickly.
Apoptosis can stop, causing cells to over-divide and form tumours.

37
Q

Medical terminology

A

See Quizlet

NU1012- Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice (16 decks)

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