Cells and such Flashcards by Vanessa Stevens

Mitosis is done by your body cells. what type of cells do NOT undergo mitosis

sperm cells, and egg cells.

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in mitosis the cells that are created are

identical

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describe 2 ways that mitosis is important for your body

helps you grow, helps you repair/replace

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mitosis is only 10% of the cell cycle if cells were in mitosis more than they were interphase, what would occur.

uncontrolled cell growth = cancer

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what r chromosomes made up of

DNA and proteins

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mitosis starts and ends with what

diploid cells

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how many chromosomes should be in each diploid cells after mitosis?

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how many chromosomes are in sperm and egg

23 each 46 divided by 2

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what would happen if interphsase didnt occur first

Uncontrolled rapid cell growth

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how would you know if two chromosomes were homolugus (father and mother)

same size, same genes in same place

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what happens in profase of meiosis during cross over whats the significance

trade geneitic material making recombinant chromosomes, which allows for genitic diversity

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meiosis does what twice

PMAT

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how would u know if the cells are undergoing metaphase one or metaphase 2

In metaphase 1, the chromosomes are in pairs

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describe what occurs during nondisjunction and the effect on the resulting cells

cells dont divide evenly, cells have more or less than 23 chromosomes genetic = disorders

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know all stages PMAT

yes

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study the meiosis chain

yes

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what is mitosis

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to form two identical cells, helping with growth, repair, and replacing damaged cells.

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what is meiosis

Meiosis is the process by which a cell divides to form four unique sex cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and is important for sexual reproduction.

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how are mitosis and meiosis the same

they r both ways that cells divide both have PMAT both start with one cell and make new cells

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how are mitosis and meiosis different

mitosis makes identical cells, meiosis makes diff cells for reproduction

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diploid cell

A diploid cell is a cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, and in humans, it has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

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chromosomes

Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA that carry genetic information in a cell.

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nitrogenous

Nitrogenous refers to compounds that contain nitrogen, often found in DNA and proteins.

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base

In science, a base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions (H⁺) or donate electron pairs. Bases often feel slippery and taste bitter. They can neutralize acids to form water and salts. Common examples are baking soda and soap.

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adenine

Adenine is a type of molecule called a **nitrogenous base**. It's one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information. Adenine pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA.

thymine

Thymine is a molecule that is one of the building blocks of DNA. It is a type of nitrogenous base and pairs with adenine to help store genetic information.

cytosine

Cytosine is a molecule that is a building block of DNA and RNA. It is a **nitrogenous base** that pairs with guanine in DNA to help store genetic information.

nucleotides

Nucleotides are the small building blocks that make up **DNA** and **RNA**. Each nucleotide is made of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (like adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). They link together to form long chains that carry genetic information.

DNA

DNA is a special molecule found in every cell of your body. It carries the instructions that tell your body how to grow, develop, and work. Stands for DNA stands for **Deoxyribonucleic Acid**.

RNA

RNA stands for **Ribonucleic Acid**. It’s a molecule that helps make proteins in your body. You can think of RNA like a helper or a messenger. It copies the instructions from DNA and carries them to the parts of the cell where proteins are made. So, if DNA is the recipe book, RNA is the helper who reads the recipe and tells the kitchen what to do!

karyotypes

A **karyotype** is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell. It shows how many chromosomes there are and their shapes. This helps scientists check if there are any problems with the chromosomes.

genes

Genes are tiny instructions inside your body that tell your cells how to grow and work. They decide things like your eye color, hair color, and even how your body functions.

Traits

Traits are characteristics or features that make you unique, like your eye color, height, or hair type. They're passed down from your parents.

Homologous pairs

Homologous pairs are two chromosomes, one from your mom and one from your dad, that are similar in size, shape, and carry the same kinds of genes. They work together to give you your traits. Mens 23rd pair is not homologus.

alleles

Alleles are different versions of the same gene. For example, the gene for eye color might have an allele for brown eyes and an allele for blue eyes. You get one allele from your mom and one from your dad.

how many homologus pairs do we have as humans??

23 pairs

eye color hair, color, are blank qualities of an organism

qualitative

when studying heredity, what is the relationship of DNA bases and traits

bases make up genes and genes code different traits

nuclei is plural for what

nucleus

the nucleus contains

DNA

the 23rd pair of chromosomes determains what

the sex

xx is what and xy is what

female, male

the basic structural unit of DNA is called a

nucleotide

nucleotide is made up of three smaller units

phosphate group, sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases ATCG

the sides of the DNA ladder are made up the four nitrogen bases

A T C or G.

sugar phosphate molecules are held together by what?

covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds =

nitrogen bases

each gene contains several hundred nucleotides, which make up a coded what

message

the # and sequence of these bases in DNA form the...

genetic code

Proteins determine our...

characteristics, traits

middle of a homologous pair is called the

centromere

DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

the double helix is held together by what

hydrogen bonds

the backbone is held together by blank bonds and the two sides of DNA r held together by blank bonds

hydrogen, covalent

chromosomes are very important for

mitosis and meiosis

genes are made up of bonding

proteins

chromatin looks like

speggetti

Genes r sections of DNA diff forms of the same gene called...

Alleles

Easy way to explain structures of DNA

(The base pairs: A-T, C-G) are connected by the rails (the sugar-phosphate backbone) can be explained as looking like a twisted ladder. Has a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

diagram of backbone of DNA

know where the phosphate, nucleotide, sugar, and the covslent bond.