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BIO 101 > Cells and Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Cells and Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following statements concerning cells of prokaryotes is correct?

A

DNA is present in prokaryotes.

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2
Q

Which of the following may be found in eukaryotic cells, but not in bacteria?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

Ribosomes are found on the surface of

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Which structure is the site of protein synthesis?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

In animal cells, which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

A

lysosome

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6
Q

Which organelle evolved through the process of endosymbiosis?

A

chloroplast

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7
Q

A(n) ______________ cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria.

A

animal

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8
Q

Which cellular structure supports cilia and flagella?

A

cytoskeleton

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9
Q

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are similar to _____________ in animal cells?

A

gap junctions

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10
Q

The fluid mosaic model says that a membrane consists of

A

protein molecules embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

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11
Q

Which substance would diffuse through the cell membrane most slowly?

A

amino acids

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12
Q

The solutions in a U-shaped tube are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable only to water. Side A and Side B have equal concentrations of sugar. Side A is

A

isotonic to Side B

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13
Q

The solutions in a U-shaped tube are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable only to water. Side A contains the lower concentration of sugar (solute). Side A is

A

hypotonic to Side B

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14
Q

Which process requires ATP?

A

movement of sodium ions against the concentration gradient

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15
Q

Which of the following processes includes all the others?

A

passive transport

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16
Q

Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is

A

catabolism

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17
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

require energy

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18
Q

During catabolism, what happens to the heat that is lost from the reactions?

A

It is released to the environment.

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19
Q

An enzyme _______

A

is not used up in the reaction

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20
Q

In the metabolic pathway, X → Y → Z → A, product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y, but not at its active site. This decreases the enzyme’s activity.

What is substance A?

A

a noncompetitive inhibitor

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21
Q

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

A

proteins

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22
Q

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

A

smooth ER

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23
Q

What is one function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

protein modification

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24
Q

In an animal cell, DNA may be found

A

in the nucleus and mitochondria.

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25
Q

Which organelle is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

A

mitochondrion

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26
Q

Which cellular structure helps maintain cell shape?

A

cytoskeleton

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27
Q

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane in Figure 5.1 with its description.
Which component in the figure is cholesterol?

A

E

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28
Q

Which substance would diffuse through the cell membrane most rapidly?

A

O2

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29
Q

Human blood has a lower salt concentration than seawater. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?

A

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.

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30
Q

Putting a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution will result in

A

the cell shriveling

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31
Q

Proteins that pump ions across membranes against their concentration gradients are an example of

A

active transport

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32
Q

Exergonic reactions _____

A

release energy

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33
Q

Metabolism is ______

A

all chemical reactions in a cell

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34
Q

ATP ____

A

provides energy for cellular work

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35
Q

Which pH curve represents the activity of an enzyme from the human stomach, where conditions are strongly acidic?

A

curve 4

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36
Q

An enzyme catalyzes the reaction, X → Y.
What is substance X?

A

a substrate

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37
Q

In animal cells, ATP synthase is located in the

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

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38
Q

In animal cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

The end products of glycolysis are ATP

A

NADH and pyruvate

40
Q

In eukaryotic cells, ___________________ happens whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent.

A

glycolysis

41
Q

The products of glycolysis are

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

42
Q

For each molecule of glucose that is processed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?

A

12

43
Q

During pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are produced by processing one molecule of glucose?

A

6

44
Q

In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during

A

pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

45
Q

The energy used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space is derived from

A

electron transplant

46
Q

During aerobic respiration, which molecule donates electrons to the electron transport chain?

A

NADH

47
Q

During aerobic respiration, which molecule donates electrons to the electron transport chain?

A

FADH2

48
Q

Which metabolic pathway generates a proton gradient?

A

the electron transport chain

49
Q

Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of

A

ATP, CO2 and ethanol

50
Q

Which metabolic pathway requires a proton gradient?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

storma of the chloroplast

52
Q

Which products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

53
Q

The figure shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. What wavelength of light is most effective in driving photosynthesis?

A

420 mm

54
Q

In the chloroplast, ATP is produced during the

A

light reactions

55
Q

The Calvin cycle produces ____

A

simple sugars

56
Q

Which compound provides energetic electrons for the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH

57
Q

In animal cells, the electron transport chain occurs in the ________________.

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

58
Q

From one molecule of glucose, how many ATP molecules are produced during the citric acid cycle?

A

2

59
Q

In the mitochondria, where is the enzyme ATP synthase located?

A

inner membrane

60
Q

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

A

serve as a last acceptor for electrons and hydrogen

61
Q

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

62
Q

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

A

Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

63
Q

In mitochondria, H+ ions are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space. In chloroplasts, H+ ions are pumped from the ________________________.

A

stroma to the thylakoid space

64
Q

The NADPH required for the Calvin cycle comes from

A

the light reactions

65
Q

The inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. This increases the surface are for ____

A

the electron transport chain

66
Q

When CO2 is removed from a molecule of pyruvate, ____ is produced

A

acetyl CoA

67
Q

The process of glycolysis breaks one 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon _____ molecules

A

pyruvate

68
Q

Which process in cellular respiration uses oxygen?

A

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

69
Q

Which of the following occur(s) in mitochondria?

A

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

70
Q

Which of the following occur(s) in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A

glycolysis and fermentation

71
Q

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the oxidizing agent _____

A

gains electrons and gains energy

72
Q

In the chloroplast, electron transport happens in the ___

A

thylakoid membrane

73
Q

Which event occurs in the light reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Light is absorbed

74
Q

In photosynthesis, oxygen is a product of

A

splitting water molecules

75
Q

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

A

glycolysis

76
Q

Which molecules are produced in the light reactions and used in the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH

77
Q

Putting a red blood cell in distilled water will result in

A

lysis of the cell

78
Q

A membrane transport protein

A

moves a specific type of molecule

79
Q

What are the structures that hold adjacent cells close together and form a continuous seal between cells?

A

tight junctions

80
Q

Which organelle is found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?

A

plastid

81
Q

Which type of reactions tends to require an input of energy?

A

dehydration

82
Q

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

A

mitochondrion

83
Q

Comparing an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a non catalyzed reaction, which would be the same?

A

d

84
Q

Which type of reaction releases energy?

A

hydrolysis of a polymer

85
Q

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of the plant cell?

A

Vacuole

86
Q

Celery stalks placed in a concentrated salt solution become flaccid (limp). We can conclude that the salt solution is __________________ to the celery cells.

A

hypertonic

87
Q

Catabolic reactions ____

A

provide energy for cellular work

88
Q

When an end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway, this is called ______________.

A

feedback inhibition

89
Q

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

90
Q

Most CO2 from catabolism is released during ___________________.

A

the citric acid cycle

91
Q

Which statement about photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

A

Cellular respiration is catabolic and photosynthesis is anabolic

92
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with

A

ATP and NADPH

93
Q

The cell membrane is made of

A

phospholipids and proteins

94
Q

ATP is produced during

A

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

BIO 101 (1 decks)

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