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Cell Biology > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different components of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins and cholesterol

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2
Q

Function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A

Maintain fluidity and stability of membrane

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3
Q

Function of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A

Allow cell signalling and recognition

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the nuclear membrane

A

Bilayer
Outer layer is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
Inner layer is continuous with nuclear lamins

Nuclear pores control entry/exit of the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the function of nuclear lamins and what part of the cytoskeleton do they fall under

A

Maintain structure of the nucleus
Involved in chromatin organisation

Lamins are intermediate filaments

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6
Q

Function of peroxisomes + some examples

A

Involved in oxidative reactions eg. lipid oxidation, bile biosynthesis

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7
Q

Function of lysosome

A

Breakdown of old, unwanted and foreign particles

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8
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A

Two membranes with an intermembrane space

Inner membrane creates protrusions called cisternae

Inner space is called matrix

Contains ribosomes involved in protein synthesis

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9
Q

How does mitochondria participate in apoptosis

A

Apoptosis signals cause release of Bcl12 which causes the release of Cytochrome C, which is usually in mitochondria, into cytoplasm where it activates caspase cascade

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10
Q

Functions of the cytoskeleton

A 
Maintaining cell shape and structure
Allow for organelle movement
Allow for cell attachment to other cells and ECM
Helps cell resist mechanical stress
Support fragile plasma membrane
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11
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

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12
Q

What protein makes up the microfilament + its motor protein

A

Actin and motor protein myosin

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13
Q

Key functions of microfilaments

A

Forming extracellular structures eg. microvilli and stereocilia

Support membrane allowing for cell contraction or change in shape

Create membrane extensions eg. lamellipodia and filopodia allowing cell motility

Form contractile ring in cytokinesis

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14
Q

What are some of the proteins found in intermediate filaments

A

Keratin
Desmin
Vimentin
Lamins

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15
Q

What protein makes up microtubule + its motor proteins

A

Tubulin

Motor proteins dynein and kinesin

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16
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

Provide structural integrity to the cell

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17
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Movement of cellular cargo
Cell motility eg. motile cilia and flagella
Movement of chromosomes in mitosis/meiosis

18
Q

What cells feature lots of microtubules

A

Sperm cells

Cilia cells

19
Q

What specific motor protein makes up flagella

A

Dynein

20
Q

What are lipid rafts in the plasma membrane

A

Areas where cholesterol and certain proteins are highly concentrated and act as signalling centres

21
Q

Definition of amphipathic

A

When a molecule has both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic component

22
Q

Three primary functions of caspase cascade

A

Destroy nuclear lamins

Activate DNases

Destroy cell adhesion proteins

23
Q

What cells contain lots of microfilaments

A

Stereocilia and microvilli

24
Q

What cellular structures contain lots of microfilaments

A

Lamellipodia and filopodia

25
Q

What are the three main cellular junctions

A

Tight, GAP and anchoring

26
Q

Four anchoring junctions, where they bind and what part of the cytoskeleton to

A

Adhesions - Bind to actin - Cell to Cell
Desmosomes - Bind to intermediate filaments - Cell to Cell

Focal adhesions - Bind to actin - Cell to ECM
Hemidesmosomes - Bind to intermediate filaments - Cell to ECM

27
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes particularly found

A

In the dermal-epidermal junction connecting epithelial cells to the basement membrane

28
Q

Functions of tight junctions

A

Prevent movement of particles from cells to adjacent cells

Maintain cell polarity

29
Q

Functions of GAP junctions

A

Allow passage of small ions from one cell to another

30
Q

What protein do tight cells bind to

A

Actin

31
Q

What happens in Tay Sachs disease + defective component

A

Failure to degrade lipids, leading to lipid accumulation and neurodegeneration

Defective lysosome

32
Q

What two conditions arise from defective GAP junctions

A

Inherited deafness

Vohwinkel’s Syndrome

33
Q

Signs of vohwinkel syndrome

A

Crusty skin

34
Q

Cause of epidermolysis bullosa simplex + signs

A

Defective hemidesmosomes leading to blistering and red skin

35
Q

What mutation causes vohwinkel syndrome

A

Connexin-26

36
Q

What proteins make up GAP junctions

A

Connexin

37
Q

What proteins make up tight junctions

A

Claudins

38
Q

What proteins make up adhesion and desmosome junctions

A

Cadherins

39
Q

What proteins make up focal adhesion and hemidesmosomes

A

Integrins

40
Q

What causes Kartagener syndrome + Common signs

A

Dynein mutation leads to dysfunctional cilia and flagella

Male infertility and recurring respiration infections

41
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Calcium storage

Lipid synthesis

Cell Biology (3 decks)

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