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Unit 1 Biology > Cells and organelles > Flashcards

Cells and organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

-contain DNA
-contain ribosomes
-can have a cell wall
-can be unicellular

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2
Q

Properties unique to prokaryotes (eg bacteria)

A

-small and simple
-lack membrane bound organelles
-have 1 circular strand of DNA located in the cytoplasm
-always unicellular
-always have cell wall

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3
Q

Properties unique to eukaryotes (eg plant and animal cells)

A

-large and complex
-contain membrane bound organelles
-multiple linear strands of DNA located in the nucleus
-are often multicellular
-only plant cells have cell wall

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4
Q

Nucleus/ Nucleolus

A

Nucleus/ Nucleolus

The nucleus contains multiple linear strands of DNA, whilst also controlling and regulating the cell’s activities.

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome production

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5
Q

A network of folded membranes stemming from the nucleus- some with ribosomes attached

A

Smooth ER
- no ribosomes
- carbohydrates, lipids and steroids are manufactured here.

Rough ER
- ribosomes synthesize protein
- Rough ER Folds, modifies and transports proteins to Golgi bodies via vesicles.​

​

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6
Q

Vesicles

A

Vesicles – a small membrane bound compartment that can be used to transport substances around the cell or out of the cell easily. eg proteins from the rough ER to golgi.

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stacked, flattened membranes called cisternae
Where proteins get packaged for transport out of cell

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Bean shaped or circular membrane bound organelles
- where energy is produced via cellular respiration

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

small dense spherical organelles
- involved in breakdown of cellular debris, waste and foreign matter

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10
Q

Vacuole

A
  • sack that stores water, nutrients and waste
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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

organelles often reading mRNA strands or attached to rough ER
- site of protein synthesis

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12
Q

Jelly-like fluid which holds organelles

A

All organelles outside the nucleus + cytosol = cytoplasm

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13
Q

What makes plant cells different to animal cells?

A

They may contain chloroplasts and other plastids for photosynthesis ​

They contain a cell wall (made of cellulose) and therefore have a rigid, rectangular shape​

They contain a large, central vacuole

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14
Q

Carbohydrate brief explanation

A

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living organisms. They contain C, H and O. Names often end in -ose.

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15
Q

Carbohydrate types and examples of each

A

Monosaccharides eg glucose

Disaccharides eg sucrose

Polysaccharides eg starch (how plants store energy) or glycogen (stored form of energy from food)

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16
Q

Lipids brief explanation and functions

A

Fats containing C, H and O with monomer gycerol and fatty acid

Functions of lipids:
Storage of energy for long-term use (e.g. triglycerides)​

Hormonal roles (e.g. steroids such as estrogen and testosterone)​

Insulation (retention of thermal energy)​

Protection of internal organs (e.g. triglycerides and waxes)​

Structural components (e.g. phospholipids, cholesterol)

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17
Q

Types of lipids

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

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18
Q

Nucleic acid brief explanation

A

DNA and RNA
contain instructions to make proteins
Contain C, H, O, N and P.

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19
Q

Proteins brief explanation

A

made up of amino acids and contain C, H, O and N

20
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Structure: Support for body tissue (e.g. collagen, elastin, keratin)​

Hormones: Regulation of blood glucose (e.g. insulin, glucagon)​

Immunity: Bind antigens (e.g. antibodies / immunoglobulins)​

Transport: Oxygen transport (e.g. haemoglobin, myoglobin)​

Movement: Muscle contraction (e.g. actin / myosin, troponin / tropomyosin)​

Enzymes: Speeding up metabolic reactions (e.g. catalase, lipase, pepsin) ​

21
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid
proteins (eg channel, carrier, receptor or pump)
cholesterol
glycolipids
glycoproteins

22
Q

Passive transport/diffusion definition

A

The net movement of substances down a concentration gradient to reach equiliberium

23
Q

Simple diffusion explanation

A

Simple diffusion moves small and uncharged particles across the cell membrane through the phospholipid bilayer
eg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

24
Q

Facilitated diffusion explanation

A

Facilitated diffusion moves large and/or charged molecules across the cell membrane via protein channels and carrier proteins
eg. glucose, amino acids, Na+

25
Q

Osmosis explanation

A

Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane, either by simple diffusion, or facilitated diffusion (via an aquaporin)

Moves from a high concentration OF WATER to a low concentration OF WATER

26
Q

Hyper-, hypo- and isotonic definition

A

Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute than the cell - therefore water leaves cell

Hypotonic - less solute in water than in cell - therefore water goes into cell

Isotonic - equal ratio of solute to water in both cell and solution - therefore no net movement

27
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

It becomes turgid

28
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

It plasmolyses

29
Q

Active transport definition

A

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient with the use of ATP.

Occurs when a high concentration of a substances is needed in a specific area.

30
Q

Exocytosis explanation

A

The bulk transport of substances out of the cell
via vesicles
eg. secretion of hormones

31
Q

Endocytosis explanation

A

The bulk uptake of substances into the cell via vesicles
eg. phagocytosis (when white blood cells engulf bacteria)

32
Q

What are 3 main factors that affect diffusion rate

A

Concentration gradient - steep gradient = fast diffusion

Temperature - high temp = fast diffusion

Size of molecules - small molecules = fast diffuision

33
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36 - 38 ADP + Pi = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 - 38 ATP

34
Q

Glycolysis location, inputs and outputs

A

Location : Cytosol
Inputs: Glucose, 2ADP + Pi and NAD+
Outputs: 2ATP, 2 Pyruvate, NADH (goes to etc)

34
Q

Equation for Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

35
Q

Electron Transport Chain location, inputs and outputs

A

Location: Cristae in Mitochondria
Inputs: 6O2, NADH, FADH2, 32 - 34 ADP + Pi
Outputs: NAD+, FAD+, 6H2O, 32 - 34 ATP

35
Q

Krebs Cycle location, inputs and outputs

A

Location: Mitochondrial matrix
Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 Coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD+, 2 ADP + Pi
Outputs: NADH, FADH2, 2ATP, 6CO2, 2 Coenzyme A

36
Q

Location, Inputs and Outputs of the light dependent reaction

A

Location - Thylakoid membrane in chloroplast
Inputs - sunlight, NADP+, 12H2O
Outputs - 6O2 (leaves chloroplast), ATP, NADPH

37
Q

Location, inputs and outputs of light independent reaction

A

Location - stroma of chloroplast
Inputs - 6CO2, ATP, NADPH
Outputs - NADP+, ADP + Pi, 6H2O, C6H12O6

38
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol without oxygen, however pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is not sent to krebs cycle
only 2 atp produced

39
Q

Are humans heterotrophs or autotrophs

A

Heterotrophs (plants are autotrophs)

40
Q

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

A

low temp - substrates and enzymes move slow so less collisions and activity is low
optimal (peak)
high - quick decline in activity as temp increases and enzyme denatures so acitivity ceases

41
Q

Effect of PH on Enzyme activity

A

PH alters shape of active site. if it changes too much, substrates cannot bind to active site so enzyme denatures

42
Q

Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

A

more substrates means more collisions - enzyme activity plateaus after certain point as environment is saturated and all enzymes will be bound and catalyzing

43
Q

Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity

A

Competitive - binds to active site so it cannot bind with substrate
Non competitive - binds with another point on enzyme, changing shape and denaturing enzyme

44
Q

Parts of fluid mosaic model and their functions

A

phospholipid bilayer - (hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail)
proteins - cell recognition, transport etc
cholesterol - controls permeability and temp.
carbohydrates - attached to lipid or proteins involved in cell recognition

Unit 1 Biology (3 decks)

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