- sack that stores water, nutrients and waste

Cells and organelles Flashcards by Ella Welsh

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

-contain DNA
-contain ribosomes
-can have a cell wall
-can be unicellular

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Properties unique to prokaryotes (eg bacteria)

-small and simple
-lack membrane bound organelles
-have 1 circular strand of DNA located in the cytoplasm
-always unicellular
-always have cell wall

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Properties unique to eukaryotes (eg plant and animal cells)

-large and complex
-contain membrane bound organelles
-multiple linear strands of DNA located in the nucleus
-are often multicellular
-only plant cells have cell wall

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Nucleus/ Nucleolus

The nucleus contains multiple linear strands of DNA, whilst also controlling and regulating the cell’s activities.

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome production

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A network of folded membranes stemming from the nucleus- some with ribosomes attached

Smooth ER
- no ribosomes
- carbohydrates, lipids and steroids are manufactured here.

Rough ER
- ribosomes synthesize protein
- Rough ER Folds, modifies and transports proteins to Golgi bodies via vesicles.

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Vesicles

Vesicles – a small membrane bound compartment that can be used to transport substances around the cell or out of the cell easily. eg proteins from the rough ER to golgi.

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Golgi apparatus

Stacked, flattened membranes called cisternae
Where proteins get packaged for transport out of cell

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Mitochondria

Bean shaped or circular membrane bound organelles
- where energy is produced via cellular respiration

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Lysosomes

small dense spherical organelles
- involved in breakdown of cellular debris, waste and foreign matter

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Vacuole

sack that stores water, nutrients and waste

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Ribosomes

organelles often reading mRNA strands or attached to rough ER
- site of protein synthesis

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Jelly-like fluid which holds organelles

All organelles outside the nucleus + cytosol = cytoplasm

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What makes plant cells different to animal cells?

They may contain chloroplasts and other plastids for photosynthesis

They contain a cell wall (made of cellulose) and therefore have a rigid, rectangular shape

They contain a large, central vacuole

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Carbohydrate brief explanation

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living organisms. They contain C, H and O. Names often end in -ose.

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Carbohydrate types and examples of each

Monosaccharides eg glucose

Disaccharides eg sucrose

Polysaccharides eg starch (how plants store energy) or glycogen (stored form of energy from food)

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Lipids brief explanation and functions

Fats containing C, H and O with monomer gycerol and fatty acid

Functions of lipids:
Storage of energy for long-term use (e.g. triglycerides)

Hormonal roles (e.g. steroids such as estrogen and testosterone)

Insulation (retention of thermal energy)

Protection of internal organs (e.g. triglycerides and waxes)

Structural components (e.g. phospholipids, cholesterol)

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Types of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

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Nucleic acid brief explanation

DNA and RNA
contain instructions to make proteins
Contain C, H, O, N and P.

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Proteins brief explanation

made up of amino acids and contain C, H, O and N

Functions of proteins

Structure: Support for body tissue (e.g. collagen, elastin, keratin)

Hormones: Regulation of blood glucose (e.g. insulin, glucagon)

Immunity: Bind antigens (e.g. antibodies / immunoglobulins)

Transport: Oxygen transport (e.g. haemoglobin, myoglobin)

Movement: Muscle contraction (e.g. actin / myosin, troponin / tropomyosin)

Enzymes: Speeding up metabolic reactions (e.g. catalase, lipase, pepsin)

Components of the plasma membrane

phospholipid
proteins (eg channel, carrier, receptor or pump)
cholesterol
glycolipids
glycoproteins

Passive transport/diffusion definition

The net movement of substances down a concentration gradient to reach equiliberium

Simple diffusion explanation

Simple diffusion moves small and uncharged particles across the cell membrane through the phospholipid bilayer
eg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Facilitated diffusion explanation

Facilitated diffusion moves large and/or charged molecules across the cell membrane via protein channels and carrier proteins
eg. glucose, amino acids, Na+

Osmosis explanation

Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane, either by simple diffusion, or facilitated diffusion (via an aquaporin) Moves from a high concentration OF WATER to a low concentration OF WATER

Hyper-, hypo- and isotonic definition

Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute than the cell - therefore water leaves cell Hypotonic - less solute in water than in cell - therefore water goes into cell Isotonic - equal ratio of solute to water in both cell and solution - therefore no net movement

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

It becomes turgid

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

It plasmolyses

Active transport definition

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient with the use of ATP. Occurs when a high concentration of a substances is needed in a specific area.

Exocytosis explanation

The bulk transport of substances out of the cell via vesicles eg. secretion of hormones

Endocytosis explanation

The bulk uptake of substances into the cell via vesicles eg. phagocytosis (when white blood cells engulf bacteria)

What are 3 main factors that affect diffusion rate

Concentration gradient - steep gradient = fast diffusion Temperature - high temp = fast diffusion Size of molecules - small molecules = fast diffuision

Aerobic respiration formula

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36 - 38 ADP + Pi = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 - 38 ATP

Glycolysis location, inputs and outputs

Location : Cytosol Inputs: Glucose, 2ADP + Pi and NAD+ Outputs: 2ATP, 2 Pyruvate, NADH (goes to etc)

Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Electron Transport Chain location, inputs and outputs

Location: Cristae in Mitochondria Inputs: 6O2, NADH, FADH2, 32 - 34 ADP + Pi Outputs: NAD+, FAD+, 6H2O, 32 - 34 ATP

Krebs Cycle location, inputs and outputs

Location: Mitochondrial matrix Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 Coenzyme A, NAD+, FAD+, 2 ADP + Pi Outputs: NADH, FADH2, 2ATP, 6CO2, 2 Coenzyme A

Location, Inputs and Outputs of the light dependent reaction

Location - Thylakoid membrane in chloroplast Inputs - sunlight, NADP+, 12H2O Outputs - 6O2 (leaves chloroplast), ATP, NADPH

Location, inputs and outputs of light independent reaction

Location - stroma of chloroplast Inputs - 6CO2, ATP, NADPH Outputs - NADP+, ADP + Pi, 6H2O, C6H12O6

Describe anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol without oxygen, however pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is not sent to krebs cycle only 2 atp produced

Are humans heterotrophs or autotrophs

Heterotrophs (plants are autotrophs)

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

low temp - substrates and enzymes move slow so less collisions and activity is low optimal (peak) high - quick decline in activity as temp increases and enzyme denatures so acitivity ceases

Effect of PH on Enzyme activity

PH alters shape of active site. if it changes too much, substrates cannot bind to active site so enzyme denatures

Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

more substrates means more collisions - enzyme activity plateaus after certain point as environment is saturated and all enzymes will be bound and catalyzing

Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity

Competitive - binds to active site so it cannot bind with substrate Non competitive - binds with another point on enzyme, changing shape and denaturing enzyme

Parts of fluid mosaic model and their functions

phospholipid bilayer - (hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail) proteins - cell recognition, transport etc cholesterol - controls permeability and temp. carbohydrates - attached to lipid or proteins involved in cell recognition