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Anatomy > Cells And Histology > Flashcards

Cells And Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of diseased tissue

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2
Q

4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial characteristics

A
  1. Covers all body surface
  2. Major tissue of glands
  3. Reproduce rapidly
  4. Tightly packed
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4
Q

Epithelial structure

A
  1. One side is free

2. Other side is attached to connective tissue by basement membrane

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5
Q

Epithelial classification

A

Simple- one layer of cells

Stratified- multiple layers of cells

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6
Q

Epithelial classification

A

Squamous- thin and flat
Cuboidal- cube shaped
Columnar- elongated

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7
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

S: single layer of thin, flat cells
F: diffusion and filtration
L: air sacs, walls of capillaries, inside of blood and lymph vessels

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8
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

S: single layer, cube-shaped
F: secretion and absorption
L: covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and gland ducts (salivary, pancreas, liver)

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9
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A 
S: single layer, elongated
F: absorption 
L: lining of digestive tract 
*microvilli
*goblet cells
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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

S: appear layered but are not
F: trap and move foreign particles and move sex cells
L: lines respiratory and reproductive passages
*cilia

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11
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A 
S: outermost layer is thin, flat; deep layers cuboidal or columnar 
F: keratinized: dry protective coating
Non-keratinized: moist and protective 
L: K= skin
Not k= esophagus, mouth, vagina
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12
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

S: changes, squamous and cuboidal depending on stretching
F: expandable lining and barrier
L: urinary bladder, part of urethra

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13
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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14
Q

Skeletal

A

S: striated, multi-nucleated, long & cylindrical
F: voluntary movement, facial expression
L: on the skeleton

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15
Q

Cardiac

A

S: striated, branching, uninucleated
F: propels blood into circulation
L: walls of the heart

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16
Q

Smooth

A

S: spindle-shape with central nucleus
F: propels substances along internal passageways
L: walls of hollow organs

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17
Q

Nervous

A

S: neurons, looks like kites
F: transmit signals from receptor to effectors
L: brain, spine, cord, nerves

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18
Q

Connective tissue:

A
  1. Found everywhere in the body
  2. Most abundant and widely distributed
  3. Functions: connects, supports, provides protection
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19
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue:

A

All types come from embryonic Mesenchyme
variations in blood supply
Some well vascular used, some poor, some avascular

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20
Q

3 components of connective tissue:

A
  1. Ground substance(water, proteins, polysaccharides)
  2. Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
  3. Cells (1+2= extra cellular matrix)
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21
Q

Areolar

A

S: gel-like matrix with three fibers
F: wraps, cushions organs
L: surrounds capillaries, under epithelia of body

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22
Q

Adipose

A

S: matrix, closely packed
F: provides fuel food, supports/ protects organs
L: under skin, around kidneys/eyeballs, breasts

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23
Q

Reticular

A

S: network of fibers in a loose ground substance
F: soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types
L: lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes)

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24
Q

Dense regular

A

S: collagen fibers, elastin fibers, major fibroblast
F: attaches muscle to bones, bones to bones
L: tendons, ligaments

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25
Q

Dense irregular

A

S: irregularly arranged collagen
F: structural strength
L: dermis of the skin

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26
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

S: Chondrocytes, amorphous but firm
F: supports and reinforces between bones
L: embryonic skeleton, join cavities, ribs, nose, trachea

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27
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

S: more elastic fibers in matrix than hyaline
F: maintains shape of structures while allowing flexibility
L: external ear, epiglottis

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28
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

S: thick collagen fibers
F: strength with ability to absorb compressive shock
L: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joints

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29
Q

Bone

A

S: hard, calcified matrix
F: support, protection, levers for muscle
L: bones

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30
Q

Blood

A

S: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
F: transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
L: blood vessels
* 1000 red blood cells to 1 white

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31
Q

2 ways to repair tissue

A

Regeneration, fibrosis

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32
Q

What determines type of repair

A
  1. Type of tissue damaged

2. Severity of injury

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33
Q

Steps of repair

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Organization
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis
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34
Q

6 factors affecting repair process

A
  1. Adequacy of blood supply
  2. Type of tissue injured
  3. Type of injury&immediate care given
  4. Nutrition
  5. State of health
  6. Age
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35
Q

Epithelial

A

Regenerates very well

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36
Q

Bone and most fibrous connective

A

Regenerate well

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37
Q

Smooth muscle and Dense regular

A

Limited regeneration

38
Q

Skeletal muscle and cartilage

A

Regenerate poorly

39
Q

Cardiac muscle and tissue

A

Don’t regenerate at all

40
Q

3 main regions of a cell

A

Nucleus
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm

41
Q

3 regions of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin

42
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Barrier of nucleus
Consists a double membrane
Nuclear pores allow exchange of material with the rest of the cell

43
Q

Nucleoli

A

Site of ribosome assembly
Contains one or more
Ribosomes migrate through nuclear pores into cytoplasm

44
Q

Chromatin

A

Composed of DNA and protein
Present when cell isn’t dividing
Condense to form chromosomes
Scattered throughout nucleus

45
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Barrier for cell
Double phospholipid layer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails)
Also contains proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins

46
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

47
Q

Tight junctions

A

Impermeable

Bind cells together into leakproof sheets

48
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions

Prevent cells from being pulled apart

49
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allows communication between cells

50
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material outside nucleus, inside membrane

51
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid that suspends other elements

52
Q

Organelles

A

Machinery of the cell

53
Q

Inclusions

A

Chemical substances

54
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell
Change shape continuously
Provides ATP for cellular energy

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of protein and rNA
Sites of protein synthesis
Free in cytoplasm or in the rough ER

56
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Fluid filled tubules for carrying substances
Rough: Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
Smooth: metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

57
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins

Produces secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, lysosomes

58
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes that digest worn out materials

59
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes:
Detoxify
Break down highly reactive chemicals
Replicate by pinching in half

60
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein structure

Provides cell with internal framework

61
Q

Cytoskeleton elements

A

Microfilaments (smallest)
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (largest)

62
Q

Centrioles

A

Rod shaped made of micro tubules

Direct formation of mitosis spindle during cell division

63
Q

Cilia

A

Located in respiratory system to move mucus

64
Q

Flagella

A

Only flagellated cell is sperm

65
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy involved

66
Q

Active transport

A

Cell must provide ATP

67
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low concentration

68
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Solutes pass through membrane pores

69
Q

Osmosis

A

Water crosses membrane

70
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Transports large substances

Requires a protein carrier

71
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure gradient exists

72
Q

Solute pumping

A

Substances are moved against concentration gradients

73
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves materials out of cell

74
Q

Endocytosis

A

Substances being brought into the cell

75
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

76
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

77
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows, carries on metabolic processes

78
Q

Cell division

A

Replicates itself

79
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

80
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

81
Q

Prophase

A

Centrioles migrate to poles

Nuclear envelope disappears

82
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of cell

83
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart, cell begins to elongate

84
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin, nuclear envelope around chromatin, spindles break down and disappear

85
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Pinches cell into two

86
Q

Two goes of a tumor

A

Benign: rarely deadly
Malignant: cancerous, can spread

87
Q

Causes of a mutation

A

Carcinogens: radiation, viruses chemicals

88
Q

Cancer management

A
  1. Diagnosis: self exam, biopsy
  2. Staging: 1 to 4
  3. Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
89
Q

Female cancer death

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Colon and rectum
  4. Pancreas
  5. Ovary
90
Q

Male cancer death

A
  1. Lung
  2. Prostate
  3. Colon and rectum
  4. Pancreas
  5. Leukemia
91
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissue

Anatomy (2 decks)

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