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Neurobiology Lectures 1-10 > Cells and general features > Flashcards

Cells and general features Flashcards

1
Q

Neuronal cell body

A

expanded portion of nruon that contains nucleus. large and leptochromatic. Abundance of RER and polyribosomes (nissl bodies)

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2
Q

Neuronal dendrites

A

one to many extensions of the cell body specialized to receive input. Nissl bodies proximally. Dendritic spines expand surface area and serve for synaptic contact

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3
Q

Neuronal axon

A

processes tha project to and synapse with dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons/non neuronal targets. Specialized for conducting regenerative, all or none, electrical action potentials.

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4
Q

Axonal varicosities/boutons

A

swellins found along the axon or at its terminal branches and typically where synapese occur.

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies situated in PNS

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS (collection of gray matter)

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7
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons that extend out from brain and from spinal cord

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8
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons (nerve fibers) within the CNS. Connective tissue is absent around nerve fibers in CNS

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9
Q

Neuronal anatomical classification

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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10
Q

neuronal functional classification

A

motor (efferent), sensory (afferent), interneurons

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11
Q

Unipolar/pseudounipolar

A

neruon has one process tha bifurcates (found in spinal and cranial ganglia)

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12
Q

bipolar

A

neuron has 2 processes (rare: retina)

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13
Q

multipolar

A

neuron has many processes, typically 1 axon and 2 or more dendrites. Most common

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14
Q

Motor/efferent

A

related to innervation of muscle and glands; activation of these enruons leads to some motor event

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15
Q

sensory/afferent

A

related to the transfer of sensory information

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16
Q

interneurons

A

neither motor nor sensory (spinal reflexes)

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17
Q

Glial cells provide

A

support and protection for neurons.

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18
Q

CNS glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

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19
Q

PNS glial cells

A

lemmocytes (schwann cells)

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

star shaped with large leptochromatic nucleus. Influences activity of neurons. Contacts blood vessels and controlling local blood flow in CNS (blood brain barrier)

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around brain and spinal cord axons. small pachychromatic nuclei

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22
Q

Microglia

A

smallest glial cell. Immune effector cells of CNS (brain macrophages)

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

columnar epithelial cells line CSF filled ventricles. Cilia circulate CSF and microvilli absorb CSF. Produce CSF

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24
Q

Lemmocytes

A

associates with all peripheral nerve fibers. form myelin sheath

25
Q

Glial cells are capable of

A

regeneration

26
Q

Myelin is

A

highly organized multilamellar structure formed by plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes and lemmocytes.

27
Q

PNS myelin

A

chain of lemmocytes provides myelin for one axon. Surrounded by basal lamina and endoneurium

28
Q

CNS myelin

A

single oligodendrocyte provides myelin for multiple axons. and each axon myelinated by multiple oligodendrocytes. lacks basal lamina and endoneurium. Does NOT regenerate (several proteins inhibit)

29
Q

Myelin increases speed of conduction by acting as

A

an electical insulator.

30
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks in the continuity of myelin sheath that occur regularly in both P and CNS.

31
Q

PNS non-myelinated axons

A

embedded in infoldings of plasma membrans of cahin of lemmocytes. Each lemmocyte encloses 5-20 axons. Surrounded by basal lamina and endoneurium

32
Q

CNS non-myelinated axons

A

NOT associated with oligodendrocytes but run free without any ensheathment. Separated by astrocyte processes.

33
Q

Demyelination refers to the _____. Demyelinated axons transmit nerve implses

A

destructive removal of myelin. 10X slower than normal myelinated and sometimes stop.

34
Q

2 peripheral nerve classification schemes

A

1) based on nerve fiber diameter. 2) derived from the action potential (speed)

35
Q

Receptor

A

specialized region on peripheral teminal branch of axon of primary afferent neuron that can serve as a transducer (convert sensory stimuli into nerve signals)

36
Q

Sense organ

A

organized collection of receptor cells, with which the dendritic zones of afferent neurons synapse.

37
Q

Examples of sense organs

A

retina, cochlea, vestibular apparatus, taste buds, olfactory epithelium. (neurons often SSA or SVA and bipolar)

38
Q

Receptor classification (morphology)

A

Free nerve endings, tactile discs, encapsulated

39
Q

Free nerve endings

A

terminal branches ramifying among epithelial cells, very common esp in skin

40
Q

tactile discs

A

terminal expansions of an afferent axon which are joined to modified epidermal cells (skin and mucous)

41
Q

encapsulated

A

each receptor is encapsulated by lemmocytes and perineural epthelium (pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles)

42
Q

Location based receptor classification

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors

43
Q

Exteroceptors

A

associated with skin and SQ tissue (GSA)

44
Q

Proprioceptors

A

associated with muscles, tendons, and joints (GSA)

45
Q

Interoceptors

A

located in viscera (GVA)

46
Q

Modality (energy sensitivity) based receptor classification

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, electromagnetic, chemoreceptors

47
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical deformation (touch, pressure)

48
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

49
Q

nociceptors

A

detect damage to tissue, and itch

50
Q

electomagnetic

A

detect light on the retina of the eye

51
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemical molecules (taste, olfactory, arterial blood…)

52
Q

Endoneurium

A

surrounds each myelinated axon, ora group of non-myelinated axons

53
Q

Perineurium

A

surrounds each nerve fascicle. epithelium and ct. forms blood-nerve barrier

54
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds the entire nerve

55
Q

Dura mater

A

outermost meningeal layer. consists of coarse, irregular ct composed of collagen and elastic fibers.

56
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer. Distinct membrane and numberous fibrous tabeculae on inner surface.

57
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

contains CSF and at certain points dilates into cisterns.

58
Q

Pia Mater

A

innermost meningeal layer. Thins protective membrane. Flattened fibrocytes superficial to elastic and collagen fine fibers. Very vascular.

Neurobiology Lectures 1-10 (3 decks)

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