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Nursing - Cell Function And Homeostasis > Cells And Function > Flashcards

Cells And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a nucleus do?

A

Nucleus control cellular activity and contain genetic material

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2
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Cell that produces Energy for the cell. Aerobic respiration with o2 and ATP

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3
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Ribosome is where protein synthesis takes place using A.A and RNA template

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4
Q

What is rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

RER is where proteins are synthesised and transported using exocytosis.
Has ribosomes on the outside.
SER is where lipids and hormones are synthesised.

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5
Q

What is a Golgi apparatus?

A

This is where proteins are stored

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6
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Small membranous vesicles containing enzymes

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7
Q

What are 3 cellular transport?

A
  1. Diffusion - movement of molecules down a conc gradient
  2. Osmosis - movement of water down a conc gradient
  3. Active transport - movement of molecules moving up a conc gradient requiring energy and using a carrier or channel e.g sodium / potassium pump
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8
Q

Name 6 cell actions that most type of cells can do

A
  1. Reproduce
  2. Nourishment (create and maintain)
  3. Movement (energy and transport)
  4. Excretion ( get rid of waste)
  5. Growth
  6. Respiration
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9
Q

What do kidney tubule cells do?

A

Control water and salt excretion

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10
Q

What do cardiac cells do?

A

Contract and control heart pumping

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11
Q

What do cartilage do?

A

Provide structural support

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12
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Conduct electrical impulses

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13
Q

What do sperm cells do?

A

Convey genetic material for reproduction

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscle tissue
  3. Epithelial tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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15
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue is a type of tissue used for binding and supporting other tissues together e.g cartilage

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16
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

It is cells forming a continuous sheet often to line body cavities e.g gut

17
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle tissue is used for voluntary control and is attached to bone for movement / posture.
    The two types:
  2. Smooth muscle - forms walls of tubes e,g oesophagus
  3. Cardiac muscle - involuntary control cause heart to pump
18
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Neurones conducting electrical impulses throughout the body e.g spinal cord to control body function/movement/secretion/senses.

19
Q

What is the 6 levels of organisation of tissue?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
20
Q

What is the lifecycle of most cells.

A

Mitosis is the beginning where cell division takes place.
Apoptosis is the end where cells die

21
Q

Explain the process of apoptosis

A
  1. Normal cell starts to shrink and the Chromatin condense.
  2. Membrane starts blabbing and organelles disintegrate.
  3. Nucleus and organelles collapse and membrane continues to bled.
  4. Apoptotic bodies form
  5. Macrophages phagocytoses the apoptotic bodies
22
Q

Describe the effects of ageing in the body systems

A

Mitosis slows down as you age so cells that go through apoptosis aren’t replaced. For example, immune system is affected as the immune cells numbers reduce.
Apoptosis increases causing disease e.g Alzheimer’s where valuable nerve cells die more quickly
Apoptosis can also stop causing cells to keep replicating and tumours appearing

23
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the when conditions in the internal environment are maintains within physiological limits.

24
Q

How does homeostasis work?

A
  1. Receptors detect changes in the body
  2. The control system initiate corrective measures
  3. Effectors carry out the corrective measures
25
Q

What is the homeostatic response to High body temperature? ( this is called hyperthermia)
Say what the receptors, control centred and effectors are.

A

Receptors - skin and hypothalamus pick up an increase in temperature.
The control centre - hypothalamus and pituitary glands initiate a response to the change
The effectors - sweating starts to occur and soil capillary vasodilate to allow more heat to be lost.

26
Q

What is the homeostatic response to low temperature? ( this is called hypothermia )

A

Receptors - skin and hypothalamus detect reduction in temperature
Control centres - hypothalamus and pituitary gland institute corrective measure
Effectors - skin gets goosebumps and hair stand in end, capillary vasoconstriction to move blood vessel away from skin to maintain enough heat, skeletal muscle contract to cause shivering

27
Q

What is the homeostatic response to low blood pressure? ( this is called hypotension)

A

Receptors - baroreceptors in artery wall detect decreased blood pressure
Control centre - cardiac vascular control centre known as medulla oblong in the brain initiates the response
Effectors - heart rate and cardiac output increases and blood vessels constrict

28
Q

What is the homeostatic response to an increase in blood glucose? ( this is called hyperglycaemia )

A

Receptors - glucose receptors in pancreas detect change
Control centre - Islet cell (cells found in pancreas e that produce hormones) initiate response
Effectors - insulin is secreted and glucose is taken up into cells

29
Q

What is the homeostatic response to high blood volume? ( high fluid balance is oedema )

A

Receptors - atrial receptors in kidney detect change
Control centre - brain and kidney initiate response
Effectors - kidney stops fluid intake and increase urine volume

30
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is a response that reverses the original stimulus to restore normal levels

31
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback is where a response enchances the original stimulus and reinforces it

Nursing - Cell Function And Homeostasis (1 decks)

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