Cells And Function Flashcards
What does a nucleus do?
Nucleus control cellular activity and contain genetic material
What is mitochondria?
Cell that produces Energy for the cell. Aerobic respiration with o2 and ATP
What is a ribosome?
Ribosome is where protein synthesis takes place using A.A and RNA template
What is rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
RER is where proteins are synthesised and transported using exocytosis.
Has ribosomes on the outside.
SER is where lipids and hormones are synthesised.
What is a Golgi apparatus?
This is where proteins are stored
What is a lysosome?
Small membranous vesicles containing enzymes
What are 3 cellular transport?
- Diffusion - movement of molecules down a conc gradient
- Osmosis - movement of water down a conc gradient
- Active transport - movement of molecules moving up a conc gradient requiring energy and using a carrier or channel e.g sodium / potassium pump
Name 6 cell actions that most type of cells can do
- Reproduce
- Nourishment (create and maintain)
- Movement (energy and transport)
- Excretion ( get rid of waste)
- Growth
- Respiration
What do kidney tubule cells do?
Control water and salt excretion
What do cardiac cells do?
Contract and control heart pumping
What do cartilage do?
Provide structural support
What do neurons do?
Conduct electrical impulses
What do sperm cells do?
Convey genetic material for reproduction
What are the 4 types of cellular tissue?
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Nervous tissue
What is connective tissue?
Connective tissue is a type of tissue used for binding and supporting other tissues together e.g cartilage
What is epithelial tissue?
It is cells forming a continuous sheet often to line body cavities e.g gut
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal Muscle tissue is used for voluntary control and is attached to bone for movement / posture.
The two types: - Smooth muscle - forms walls of tubes e,g oesophagus
- Cardiac muscle - involuntary control cause heart to pump
What is nervous tissue?
Neurones conducting electrical impulses throughout the body e.g spinal cord to control body function/movement/secretion/senses.
What is the 6 levels of organisation of tissue?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
What is the lifecycle of most cells.
Mitosis is the beginning where cell division takes place.
Apoptosis is the end where cells die
Explain the process of apoptosis
- Normal cell starts to shrink and the Chromatin condense.
- Membrane starts blabbing and organelles disintegrate.
- Nucleus and organelles collapse and membrane continues to bled.
- Apoptotic bodies form
- Macrophages phagocytoses the apoptotic bodies
Describe the effects of ageing in the body systems
Mitosis slows down as you age so cells that go through apoptosis aren’t replaced. For example, immune system is affected as the immune cells numbers reduce.
Apoptosis increases causing disease e.g Alzheimer’s where valuable nerve cells die more quickly
Apoptosis can also stop causing cells to keep replicating and tumours appearing
Define homeostasis
Homeostasis is the when conditions in the internal environment are maintains within physiological limits.
How does homeostasis work?
- Receptors detect changes in the body
- The control system initiate corrective measures
- Effectors carry out the corrective measures
