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Biology Paper 1 > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

Mitosis= cell division that happens in body cells

Body cell= any cell except those that produce gametes (sex cells)

Cell that is dividing= called parent cell and two new cells are formed are called daughter cells

Daughter cells = identical to the parent cell , so if the parent cell is diploid the daughter cells will be diploid too .

Mitosis makes two cells

Mitosis makes genetically identical cells
Diploid means double (two sets of) chromosomes

A 
What is mitosis 
What does mitosis produce 
What is the cell that is dividing called 
What are the new cells called 
Describe these new cells 
How many cells does mitosis make 
What does mitosis make 
What does diploid mean
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2
Q

Stages of Mitosis

IMPAT

interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase

*a cell is interphase most of the time

Interphase = end of interphase chromosomes start to become visible. DNA has already been copied

Prophase=each chromosome consists of two chromatids

Metaphase=nuclear membrane breaks down. Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

Anaphase= the chromatids separate and one chromatid from each pair is pulled to each pole of the cell. The chromatids can now be called chromosomes

Telophase= spindle divers disappear and a new nuclear membrane forms round each group off chromosomes.the cell splits into two. This is called cytokinesis

A

What are the stages of mitosis

What is the cell in most of the time

Describe all the stages

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3
Q

Uncontrollled cell division

Cancer cells are abnormal cells that uncontrollably by by mitosis to form a tumour

Cells stop dividing when growth has finished , except when repair

A

What are cancer cells

What happened when cells stop dividing

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4
Q

Growth In animals

In animals , a fertilised egg/zygote divided by mitosis to produce genetically identical cells

These cells grow and divide by mitosis
And eventually differentiate into different types of cells to make up a whole organism

Differentiation creates specialised cells adapted to carry out a particular function

Examples of specialised animal cells:
Red blood cells 
Egg and sperm cells 
Nerve cells 
Bone cells 
Smooth muscle cells
A

What happens in animal growth ?

What happens to the cells ?

What does differentiation create ?

List examples of specialised cells ?

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5
Q

Growth in plants

Plant cells divide by mitosis

After this the cells grow by enlarging

cells elongate= young cells have small vacuoles which take in water by osmosis and enlarge

These cells differentiate into specialised cell types. Most plant cells can continue to grow and differentiate throughout life.

Examples of specialised plant cells:
Xylem 
Mesophyll cells 
Atoms cells 
Phloem 
Root hair cells
A

How do plant cells divide ? How do the cells grow after this ?

What does elongate mean ?

What happens to the cell after ?
List examples of specialised plant cells.
What does specialised cell mean ?
Why is cell differentiation important ?

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6
Q

Growth and percentile charts

When organisms grow they get bigger . Growth can be measured in different ways
Growth is a permanent increase in size
Percentile charts =can help to show if a child is growing faster or slower than is normal for their age

Babies with mass above 95th line or below 5th line = may not be growing properly

Baby whose mass decreased by two or more percentile Catogries over their first year = may not be growing properly

BMI= measure of a healthy body mass

A

What is a percentile chart ?
What two ways show a baby may not be growing properly ?
What is BMI?

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7
Q

Stem cells

Cells in an embryo =unspecialised

They divide to produce specialised cells in the body , such as neurones and muscle cells.

Once the cells have differentiated they cannot divide to produce other kinds of cells

Stem cells= cells that can divide to produce many types of cell

three kinds of stem cell:

Embryonic=are taken from embryos at a very early stage of division

Adult= found in differentiated tissue , such as bone or skin. They divide to replace damaged cells

Meristems =plants have these , are found in rapidly growing parts of the plant e.g tips of roots and shoots . These cells can divide to produce any kind of plant cell

All stem cells:
Advantages and risks

Advantages:
Replace faulty cell with healthy cell, so person is well again

Risks:
Stem cells may not stop dividing , and so cause cancer

A

What are stem cells
What do stem cells produce

What are the 3 kinds of stem cells
Describe them

What are the advantages of using all stem cells ?
What are the risks of using all stem cells ?

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8
Q

Stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
Have many uses including:

Replacing or repairing brain cells to treat people with Parkinson’s disease

Replacing damaged cells in the retina of the eye to treat some kinds of blindness

Growing new tissues in the lab to use for transplants or drug testing

Using stem cells
Advantages :
Easy to extract from embryo
Produce any type of cell

Disadvantages:
Embryo destroyed when cells removed- some people think embryos have a right to life

A

What are embryonic stem cells ?
What are their uses ?
What are the advantages of using stem cells ?
What are the disadvantages of using stem cells ?

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9
Q

Stem cells

Adult stem cells (from Bone marrow) can only form a limited number off cell types. This can be used for:

Treatment of leukaemia

Potentially growing new tissues that are genetically matched to the patient

Adult stem cells advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:
No embryo destroyed so not an ethical issue
If taken from the person to be treated , will not cause rejection by their body

Disadvantages:
Produce only a few types of cell

A

What are adult stem cells ?
Where are they from ?
What can they form ?
Why are they used for ?
What are the advantages of using adult stem cells ?
What are the disadvantages of using adult stem cells ?

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10
Q

Neurones

Stimuli detected by = sensory receptors that she’s impulses along sensory neurones to the central nervous system
Neurones=specialised cells that carry nervous impulses

Three main types of neurones:
Sensory neurone
Motor neurone
Relay neurone

Sensor neurone=carry impulses from the central nervous system

Motor neurone=carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs

Relay neurones =found in the central nervous system

A 
What is a neurone ? 
What is stimuli ? 
How are stimuli detected ? 
What are the three types of neurones ? 
Describe each of their functions
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11
Q

Neurones

 Sensory neurones:structures 
 Skin receptor cells 
Dendron 
Axon 
Cell body 
Axon 
Fatty myelin sheath 
Axon endings

Sensory neurones:function of-structure
Skin receptor cells=dendrites collect impulses from receptor cells
Dendron=carries impulses towards cell body
Axon=carries impulses away from the cell body
Fatty myelin sheath=insulates the neurone
Axon endings=pass impulses to other neurones

A

What is a sensory neurone ?
What are the structures of a sensory neurones?
What are the function of a sensory neurones ?

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12
Q

Neurones

Motor neurone:structures
Nerve endings 
Myelin sheath 
Nucleus 
Dendrite
Axon
Cytoplasm 
Cell membrane

Motor neurone: function of structures
Nerve endings=transmits impulse to an Effector , such as muscle or gland
Myelin sheath=a fatty layer that provides electrical insulation around the neurone
Nucleus =
Dendrite=receiving impulses from receptor cells and other neurones
Axon=carries impulses away from the cell body
Cytoplasm =
Cell membrane=

Relay neurone
Function = carry impulses from one part of the central nervous system to another

A

What s a motor neurone ?
What does it do ?
Wa are the structures ?
What are the functions of these structures ?
What is a relay neurone ?
What is the function of a relay neurone ?

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13
Q

Meiosis

Type of cell division that produces four daughter cells , each with half the number of chromosomes.

Meiosis only happens in gamete -producing cells , producing genetically different haploid gametes

Stages of meisos:
Interphase

  1. 2 pairs of chromosomes
  2. before the parent cell divides each chromosome is copied
  3. chrosmomes joined up
  4. each daughter cell gets a copy of one chromosome from each pair
    - each daughter cell has only one set of chromosomes .haploid daughter cells -not identical -meiosis results in variation
  • haploid cells produce by meiosis , have one set of chromosomes
  • cells produced by division are always called ‘daughter cells’ even if they eventually turn into sperm cells
A

What is meiosis?
What are the stages of meiosis?
Describe them

What does haploid mean
What are the cells produced by division called
What if the cells produced turn into sperm cells , what are they called ?

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14
Q

DNA

Dna=genetic material found in the chromosomes in the nuclei of cells

DNA in the cell
Chromosome= consists of a string of genes
Gene=short prince of DNA for a specific protein
Each gene=length of DNA
DNA =long , coiled molecule formed from the two strands
Strands =twisted in a double helix
Genome =all the DNA in an organism
Nucleus=contains chromosomes
Weak hydrogen bonds = are between the bases they hold DNA strands together
Two strands of the double helix=joined by pairs of bases:4 different bases in DNA =
A =adenine
T=thymine
C=cytosine
G=guanine

Bases form complementary pairs:

A always pairs with T
C always pairs with G

A 
What is DNA 
What is a chromosome 
What does the chromosome contain 
What is a nucleus 
What does the nucleus contain 
What is a gene 
What is a double helix
What are the two strands of the double helix joined by 
What are the 4 different bases in DNA called 
What do they each join with 
What is a genome 
What hold the DNA strands together
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15
Q

DNA

DNA as a polymer

DNA=polymer made of many monomers called nucleotides , joined together

Base can be A C T G

DNA from a fruit:

DNA Can be extracted from a fruit by:

  1. grinding the fruit with sand , using a pestle and mortar , to separate the cells
  2. adding a detergent to break open the membranes
  3. adding ice cold alcohol so that the DNA precipitates out
A

Describe DNA as a polymer
What can the bases be on this structure
How an DNA be extracted from a fruit

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16
Q

Generic terms

Gametes=sex cells
Nucleus =contains chromosomes
Zygote=
Phenotype=characters are produced, including what the individual looks like
Genotype=shows allele (forms of genes) in the individual
Gene=section off DNA
Allele =
Chromosomes=
Heterozygous=different alleles of same gene
Homozygous=same allele on both Chromosomes
Dominant=dominant allele will show when at least one copy is present in the genotype
Recessive=allele will only show when two copies are present in the genotype

A 
What is a gamete 
What is a gene 
What is an allele
What does dominant mean 
Wheat does recessive 
What does homozygous mean 
What does heterozygous mean
What does genotype mean 
What does phenotype mean 
What does zygote mean
17
Q

Monohybird inheritance

=can be explained song gentic diagrams and punnet squares

Genetic diagrams and punnet square

=Only show only possible offspring , not the actual offspring from these parents

Punnet square
Different way of showing same information about how genotype is inherited and what effect this has on phenotype

A

What does monohybird inheritance Mean
What does genetic diagram mean
What does punnet square mean
What does genetic diagram mean

18
Q

Family pedigrees

Cystic fibrosis(CF)= genetic condition caused by a recessive allele .

Pedigrees analysis=can be used to study the inheritance of dominant and recessive alleles

Family pedigree =show inheritance of a genetic condition within a family and to predict the chance that someone will inherit the faulty allele

A

What did family pedigree show

What does CF mean

What does pedigree analysis mean

How can u calcite outcomes from pedigree analysis

19
Q

Sex determination

Genetic diagrams and punnet square=sex humans is determined at fertilisation and can be expressed using genetic diagrams and punnet squares

Sex chromosomes=sex of humans is controlled by one pair of sex chromosomes

Genotype XX =produces female phenotype
Genotype XY= produces male phenotype

Genotype and phenotype
Genotype=all the genes of the individual
Phenotype =what individual looks like

Genetic diagram and punnet square
=used to that the sex of an individual is determined at fertilisation

A

What do genetic diagrams and punnet square show

What is a sex chromosome
What does genotype XX produce 
What does genotype XY produce 
What is a genotype 
What is a phenotype 
What does genetic diagrams and punnet square show
20
Q

Variation and mutation

Variation =

Mutation\genetic variation =created if the sequence of bases in a gene is changed

Causes of variation:
Causes of variation that influence phenotype include genetic variation and environmental variation

*generic variation happens through mutation
*phenotype results in combination of different alleles for different genes
This combination of alleles that an organism inherits is the result of sexual reproduction

  • most variation=caused by a combination of genes and environment
  • most phenotypic features in humans(e.g, hair colour) are causes by genes

Mutation
-can affect the phenotype of an organism
-if the amino acid sequence is altered ,activity of the protein produced may also be altered
However:
-most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype
-some mutations have a mall effect on a phenotype
-single mutation can , rarely , significance affect the phenotype

Mutation may cause:

  • large change in the protein produced
  • small change in the protein
  • no change at all in the protein produced

*the bigger the hangs to the protein=larger the effect on how the body works

A 
What does variation mean 
What does mutation mean 
What do causes of variation influence ? 
How does genetic variation happen ? 
What does phenotype result in 
How is most variation caused
What are most phenotype features caused by 
What can mutation effect ... 
what can mutation cause 
What does it mean if the protein is bigger
21
Q

Human genome project

HGP=collaboration between scientists to decode the human genome(the order of bases on a human chromosomes)

  • the HGP was completed quickly because so many scientists worked on it at the same time.
  • the work was published in 2003 and made freely available to scientists all over the world
  • the results are being used to develop new medicines and treatments for disease

Advantages and disadvantages of the HGP

Advantages:

  • alerting people that they are at particular risk of certain disease
  • distinguishing between different forms of diseases
  • allowing doctors to tailor treatments for some disease to the the individual;where specific alleles affect how a person will respond to treatment

Disadvantages:

  • People who at risk of certain diseases e.g, cancer may have to pay more to obtain life insurance
  • -it may not be helpful to tell someone they are at risk of a condition for which there is currently no cure
A 
What does HCP mean 
Why was it competed quickly 
When was their work published 
What are their results being used for 
What are the advantages of the HGP
what are the disadvantages of HGP
22
Q

Evolution

Charles Darwin developed=theory of evolution of natural selection -still important in modern biology

A

Who developed the theory of evolution ?

What is natural selection ?

23
Q

Huma evolution

A

What is human evolution

24
Q

Classification

A 
What is classification 
Who proposed the five Kingdom system 
Describe it
What is the three domain system 
Describe it
25
Q

Selective breeding

=

Selective breeding in plants

A

What is selective breeding

Describe selective breeding in plants

What are the reasons for selective breeding and

26
Q

Genetic engineering

How genetic engineering works

A

What is genetic engineering

How does genetic engineering work

What is GM crops
Describe them

27
Q

Health and disease

A 
What is health 
What is disease 
What are the types of disease 
Why are the types of health 
What are pathogen 
Give examples 
Describe them
28
Q

Common infection

A

What is a common infection
Give examples
Describe the type of pathogen
Describe their symptoms

29
Q

How pathogens spread

Malaria

HIV

Ebola virus

A

How does understanding how pathogens spread help us

What is malaria 
Describe it 
What is HIV 
what is Ebola virus 
What does it infect 
What is disease or cause 
How can you reduce/prevent its spread
30
Q

STIs

A 
STI's
What is an sti 
How can stis be spread 
What are common methods of HIV transmission 
How can you reduce/prevent sti's
31
Q

Human defence

A

What are does the human body have to give protection against pathogens

Describe both of theses defence
What is a chemical defence 
Describe it 
What is a physical defence 
Describe it
32
Q

The immune system
=helps to protect
The body by attacking pathogens if they manage to enter the body.
Lymphocytes are party of this immune system

1.
2.
3.
4.

Antibodies

Immunity

A 
What is the immune system 
What does it help protect against 
How does it do that 
What is an antibodies 
What is immunity
33
Q

Immunisation

=when you give a person a vaccine to prevent them becoming ill from a disease

A

What is immunisation

How vaccines work

34
Q

Treating infections

A

What is antibodie
What can it be used for
What is the effect of Antibodies on bacteria

35
Q

New medicines

A

What is medicine
What can it be used for
Describe the 4 types of development and testing

36
Q

Non-communicable disease

A

What is a non communicable disease
What is caused by
What are the factors that affect the risk of developing non-communicable disease

37
Q

Alcohol and smoking

Lifestyle factors=including drinking and smoking increase the risk of non-communicable disease by changing how the body works and increasing the levels of toxins(poisons) in your body

Damage caused by smoking

A 
What is a lifestyle factor
What does it cause  
Give examples 
Describe alcohol and diseases 
What is the damage caused by smoking and
38
Q

Malnutrition and obesity

Malnutrition=

Obesity

Measuring obesity

Body mass index (BMI)
Calculating BMI:

BMI=weight(KG)
—————
Height(M)

A 
What is malnutrition
How is it caused 
What is obesity 
How is it caused 
How do measure obesity 
How do you calculate BMI
39
Q

Cardiovascular disease

Lifestyle changes

A

What is cardiovascular disease
How can it treated
What is lifestyle change
What will a doctor advise the patient o do

What is medication
What would the doctor do if the life changes do not improve the patient health

What is surgery
Describe it
What are the advantages
What are the disadvantages

Biology Paper 1 (2 decks)

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