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GCSE biology 1 paper 1 > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A process of grown and repair for multicellular organisms

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2
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Means it has two sets of chromosomes

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3
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

1 set of chromosomes

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4
Q

What are the two phases in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and DNA replication

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5
Q

What occurs in the cell cycle after DNA replication?

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

What is interphase?

A

The cell make sub-cellular cell parts (mitochondria), DNA replication occurs, chromosomes in thread like chromatin, intact nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres appear

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8
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell (poles)

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9
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The chromosome copies are separated and moved to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres, (spindle fibres attach to the centromeres, pulling the chromatids apart)

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10
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Spindle fibres disintegrate, and a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei

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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Two genetically identical diploid cells are formed

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12
Q

What is it called when organisms can reproduce using one parent?

A

Asexual reproduction

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13
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

It produces off springs from one parent that are clones, (they are genetically identical)

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14
Q

What does asexual reproduction rely on?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

What are cancer cells?

A

Uncontrollable cell division. This rapid devision produces growing lumps of cell called tumours

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16
Q

Define growth and how can it be recorded

A

It’s an increase in size as a result of an increase in number or size. Growth can be due to cell division or mitosis, it can be recorded in length or mass

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17
Q

What is a percentile chart?

A

It’s a chart to record values and percentages, e.g measuring a baby’s weight compared to other babies

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18
Q

Go to page 32 and look at percentile chart

A

Now

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19
Q

What is the process that changes less specialised cells into specialised cells?

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

Go to page 33 and look a differentiation

A

Atbyirocvguexlbjwqscbyideqicvde

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21
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can divide repeatedly over a long period of time to produce cells that then differentiate

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22
Q

In plants what are stem cells found in?

A

Meristems

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23
Q

What are plant stems cells usually able to do?

A

Produce plant stem cells throughout its life

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24
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells of an early-stage embryo that can produce any type of specialised cell

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25
Q

What happens to the embryonic stem cells as the cells continue to divide?

A

The embryo starts to develop different areas that will become the different organs. The stem cells in these areas become more limited in the types of specialised cell they can produce

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26
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Cells that can only produce one type of specialised cell

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27
Q

What do adult stem cells allow?

A

The tissues to grow and replace old or damaged cells

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28
Q

How do doctors use adult and embryonic stem cells to treat diseases ?

A

This is done by stimulating stem cells to make them produce the specialised cells that are needed and then injecting them into the places they are needed

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29
Q

What is the problem with using stem cells?

A

If stem cells continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced damaged cells, they can cause cancer. Another problem is
that stem cells from one person are often killed by the immune system of other people that they are put into. This is called rejection

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30
Q

During brain surgery what can the electrodes do?

A

Apply electrical currents to the brain

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31
Q

What does scanning allow scientists to do?

A

Look deeper into the brain than surgery does, also it allows the study of a healthy individual without the risk of damaging the brain

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32
Q

Go to page 38 and 39 and look at the brain diagrams

A

Hunky

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33
Q

What does embryonic stem cells in a human embryo do?

A

Divides to produce more and more stem cells

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34
Q

In an embryo when do stem cells in the brain starts to differentiate to produce neurones?

A

3 weeks old

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35
Q

How many neurones does an adult brain have?

A

86 billion which interconnect with one another and other parts of the body to process information and control the body

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36
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

It makes up 80% of the brain, it’s used for most of our senses, language, memory, behaviour and consciousness (our inner though and feelings). It’s divided into two cerebral hemispheres, each with slightly different functions. The right hemisphere communicates with the left side of the body and vice versa

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37
Q

In order to stay alive, what do all living things have to do?

A

Grow and repair itself

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38
Q

Go to page 39

A

Look at the diagram

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39
Q

Where in the brain is the cerebellum?

A

It’s at the base of the brain

40
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

It’s divided into two halves and controls balance and posture. It also coordinates the timing and fine control of muscle activity, making sure that movements are smooth

41
Q

What does the medulla oblobgata do?

A

It controls your heat rate and your breathing rate. It is also responsible for reflexes rich as vomiting, sneezing and swallowing

42
Q

What connects the brain to the spinal chord?

A

The mass of neurones that make up the medulla oblobgata connects these

43
Q

What do nerves (a bundle of neurones) do?

A

Carry information between the brain and the rest of the body

44
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

It shows the shape and structures in the brain

45
Q

How do CT scans work?

A

X-Ray beams move in a circle around the head and detectors measure the absorption of the X-rays. A computer uses this information to build up a view of the inside of the body as a series of ‘slices’.

46
Q

What can differences in the shape of the brain be linked to?

A

Linked to differences in the way people think and act, suggesting the functions of those parts

47
Q

What does a PET scan do?

A

It shows brain activity

48
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

The patient is injected with radioactive glucose. More active cells take in more glucose than less active ones (for respiration). The radioactive atoms cause gamma rays, which the scanner detects. More gamma rays come from parts containing more active cells

49
Q

What can carrying out activities during a PET scan cause?

A

It causes specific areas of the brain to become more active

50
Q

What happens if you damage your spinal chord?

A

It reduces the flow of information between the brain and parts of the body. Nerve damage in the lower spinal chord can cause loss of feeling in, and use of the legs

51
Q

What can damage in the neck cause?

A

Quadriplegia (loss of use of both arms and legs)

52
Q

Why can’t new neurones be made to repair damage?

A

Because there are no adult stem cells that can differentiate into neurones in the spinal chord. However wires can be used to stimulate nerves and muscles below the damage but patients do not regain full movement or feeling

53
Q

What can a brain tumour do?

A

It can squash many parts of the brain and stop them working

54
Q

How can we get rid of brain tumours?

A

They can be cut out, or the cells can be killed using radiotherapy (high energy X-Ray beams) and chemotherapy (injecting drugs that kill actively dividing cells.

55
Q

What can happen when you teat cancer with the different methods

A

They may damage the brain (and body) and chemotherapy might not work in the brain due to the blood-brain-barrier, which is a natural filter that only allows certain substances to get from the blood into the brain (mainly due to the cells in the capillary walls in the brain closely fitting together)

56
Q

To study how the brain works, what can be useful to scientists?

A

To experiment on living tissue, it cannot be done with living people, but in 2015 scientists managed to regrow Brian tissue in their lab by using stem cell techniques

57
Q

What controls your body?

A

The brain and the spinal chord which form the central nervous system (CNS) and nerves make up the rest of the CNS

58
Q

What does the nervous system allow ?

A

This or gain system allows all the parts of your body to communicate, using electrical impulses

59
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Anything in your body is entities to including changes in your body and the surroundings

60
Q

What are receptor cells?

A

Sense organs that detect stimuli

61
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

They create impulses which usually travel to the brain. The brain then processes this information and can send impulses to other parts of the body to cause so,etching to happen (a response)

62
Q

What is neurotransmission?

A

The travelling or transmission and happens in neurones (nerve cells). Neurones have a cell body and long extensions to carry impulses

63
Q

There are different types of neurone but what are sensory neurones?

A

It’s function is to carry impulses from receptor cells towards the CNS

64
Q

What does a receptor cell impulses pass onto?

A

A tiny branch called a dendrite, it is then transmitted along the de drop and the axon, a series of axon terminals allow impulses to be transmitted to other neurones

65
Q

Why are dendrons and axons frequently long?

A

To allow fast neurotransmission over long distances

66
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

The fatty layer surrounding dendrons and axons

67
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

This electrically insulates a neurone from neighbouring neurones, stopping the signal losing energy, it also makes an impulses jump along the cell between the gaps in the myelin and so speeds up neurotransmission

68
Q

What is the eye?

A

It’s a sense organ that contains receptor cells found in a layer called the retina

69
Q

What are cones? (Light)

A

They are receptor cells that are sensitive to the colour of light, some cones detect red light while other detect green or blue.

70
Q

What do cones do?(eye)

A

They generate impulses in sensory neurones, which lead into the brain through the optic nerve. The information from all the cones is princesses into full colour vision at the back of the cerebral hemispheres

71
Q

What are rods? (Eye)

A

Rods are receptor cells that detect differences in light intensity, not colour. Rods work well in very dim light whereas comes only work in bright light, which is why your colour vision is poor in dim light

72
Q

What do ciliary muscles do?

A

Alter the shape of the lens

73
Q

What is the retina?

A

A layer of rods and cones

74
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Clear, colourless covering that focuses light

75
Q

What is the iris?

A

The coloured part of the eye

76
Q

What does information from the cones do?

A

Information from the cones are combined in the brain to produce all the colours, information from the rods is processed as shades of dark and light

77
Q

What’s the optic nerve?

A

Contains bundles of neurones

78
Q

What is the pupil?

A

It’s where light enters

79
Q

What is the iris?

A

The muscles control the amount of light going in, which can constrict the pupil, or dilate it, bright light can damage the receptor cells in the retina

80
Q

What do light rays entering the eye need to focus on?

A

Focus onto a point in the retina to produce a clear image

81
Q

In the eye what is most of the focusing done by?

A

The cornea, which bends light rats to bring them together, the lens then fine-tunes the focusing, ciliary muscles make the lens fatter to ficus light from near objects and thinner to focus light from distant objects

82
Q

For short sighted people why do distant objects appear blurred?

A

This is because the rays of light from the distant objects are focused in front of the retina. There are two possible reasons for this: the eyeball or too long or the cornea is too curved and bends the rays more than it should, long sightedness is caused by the opposite problems

83
Q

How do you correct shortsightedness?

A

With a diverging lens

84
Q

How do you correct longsightedness?

A

With a converging lens

85
Q

What is a cataract?

A

When a protein builds up inside the lens and makes it cloudy, full visions van be restored by replacing the clouded lens with a plastic one

86
Q

What happens for colour blindness?.

A

People with colour blindness have some comes that do not work properly and so have difficulty in seeing some colours. Colour blindness cannot be corrected

87
Q

What happens when the brain coordinates a response tot the stimulus?

A

Impulses are sent t the effectors and these carry out an action. Effectors include muscles and glands

88
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

They carry impulses to the effectors

89
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

They are short neurones that are found in the spinal chord, where they link motor and sensory neurones. They also make up a lot of the nerve tissue in the brain.

90
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive impulses from othe neurones

91
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

Pass impulses to effector cells

92
Q

When does one neurone meet another?

A

At a synapse, which contains a tint gap

93
Q

What happens when an impulses reaches an axon terminal?

A

A neurotransmitter substance is released into the tiny gap , this is detected by the next neurone, which generates a new impulses. Synapses slow down neurotransmission. Hey are however useful because neurotransmitters are only released from the axon terminals and so impulses only flow in one direction. They also allow many fresh impulses to be generated in many neurones connected to one neurone - the original impulses does not need to be split and lose strength

94
Q

What are reflex actions..

A

They are responses that are automatic, extremely quick and protect the body. They use neurone pathways called reflex arcs, which by
Ass the parts of the brain involved in processing information and so are quicker than responses that need processing

95
Q

Where do impulses go?(reflex arcs)

A

From the motor neurone pass into the muscle cell (the effectors) via synapses. The muscles then quickly move the part of the body away from the source of pain

96
Q

What can receptor cells for pain in the skin cause?

A

Impulses to be transmitted in a sensory neurone

GCSE biology 1 paper 1 (5 decks)

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