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Gcse Biology Edexcel > Cells And Control > Flashcards

Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cell division ?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis.

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2
Q

The cell that is dividing is called the…..?
And the two new cells that are formed are called…..?

A

1.Parent cell
2. Daughter cells

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3
Q

Name the stages of mitosis

A

I- Interphase
P- Prophase
M-Metaphase
A-Anaphase
T-Telophase

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4
Q

How are daughter cells genetically identical?

A

Each chromosome is copied. One copy of each chromosome goes Into each daughter cell.

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5
Q

How do body cells have two sets of chromosomes ?

A

One set of chromosomes comes from the mother and one set comes from the father.

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6
Q

Mitosis is the cell division that happens in the …?

A

Body cells - (any cell except those that produce gametes) .

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7
Q

How many cells does mitosis make ?

A

Mitosis makes two cells .

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8
Q

Does mitosis make genetically identical cells ?

A

Yes it does.

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9
Q

State a way in which to remember the mitosis stages.

A

IP MAT

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10
Q

State the first stage of mitosis ?
What happens in it ?

A

The first stage of mitosis is INTERPHASE
This is the stage at which the cell grows, organelles ( such as ribosomes and mitochondria ) increase in number. The synthesis of proteins occur and DNA is replicated.

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11
Q

What is Mitosis used for ?

A

Repair, growth and asexual reproduction.

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12
Q

What in relation to mitosis leads to cancer ?

A

Uncontrolled cell division. Abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably by mitosis leads to the formation of a tumour.
The controls that tell the cells when to stop dividing go wrong which leads to cancer.

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13
Q

How does the prevention of spindle fibre formation help stop the growth of cancer ?

A

It stops prophase before metaphase. Therefore new cells are not formed.

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14
Q

Define growth ?

A

A permanent increase in size.

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15
Q

A permanent increase in size.

A

They show if a child is growing faster or slower than is normal for their age .

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16
Q

Babies with a mass above the 95th line or below the 5th line on the percentile chart may …..?

A

Not be growing properly.

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17
Q

Why is the increase in the size of a balloon not an example of growth.

A

This is as the increase in the size of a balloon is not a permeant increase in size .

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18
Q

Define a specialised cell

A

A cell that is adapted to carry out a specific function.

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19
Q

Why is cell differentiation important ?

A

It allows cells to become specialized. So they can carry out a function more effectively.

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20
Q

What happens at the second stage of mitosis ?

A

PROPHASE
At this stage the nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromosomes become shorter and fatter.

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21
Q

What happens at the third stage of mitosis ?

A

METAPHASE
At this stage the spindle forms and the chromosomes line up on the equator

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22
Q

What haappens at the 4th stage of mitosis ?

A

ANAPHASE
At this stage the spindle fibres pull the identical chromosomes apart to opposite ends of the cell.

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23
Q

What happens at the 4th stage of mitosis ?

A

TELOPHASE
At this stage membranes form outside each set of chromosomes. These are the nuclei of 2 new daughter cells.

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24
Q

What is cytokinesis ?

A

The splitting of the cytoplasm from the cell membrane to form two new identical cells.

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25
Q

Uncontrolled cell division leads to tumours- Tumours can be .1) …………and .2) ……….. ?

A
  1. Benign and
  2. Malignant
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26
Q

How do Malignant and Benign tumours differ from one another ?

A

Benign tumours:
- Do not invade other parts of the body
-Contained in one area usually within a membrane surrounding the cells.
Mlignant tumours:
- Are cancerous
- Invade neighbouring tissue and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
- Can be caused by lifestyle or genes.

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27
Q

How does growth occur in animals ?

A

Growth occurs by rapid cell division. As they get older most cell division is to replace or repaor damaged cells.

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28
Q

How does growth occur in plants ?

A

Growth in plants occurs by cell division at the root and shoot tips. Cells increase in size by cell elongation. This happens throughout the plants life.

29
Q

When do animal cells differentiate?

A

Most differentiate in the early stages of development

30
Q

Define stem cells ?

A

Undifferentiated cells within an organism.

31
Q

Human embryo stem cells can be cloned into….?

A

Most different types of human cells.

32
Q

Human adult stem cells can form …….?

A

Many but not all types of cells-(e.g.blood cells)

33
Q

Stem cells can be used to treat diseases such as………..?

A

Diabetes and paralysis.

34
Q

Embroys produced by theuraptic cloning have……………..?
How does this help in medical treatments ?

A

Embroys produced by theuarpatic cloning have the same genes as the patient. This means stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patients body.

35
Q

What risks come with stem cell transplants?

A

GvHD- Graft versus Host Disease-
This is a condition in which the body recognises the new stem cells as foreign and attacks them.

36
Q

What is a meristem ?

A

Undifferentaited stem cells in plants are grouped together in structures called meristems.

37
Q

What can stem cells from plant meristems be used to produce ?

A

They can be used to clone plants quickly and economically.
Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
Crop plants can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants.

38
Q

Damage to the front of the brain disturbs…….?

A

The ability to make desicions

39
Q

Damage to the back of the brain disturbs………..?

A

Vision.

40
Q

What do CT scans show ? and what are they used for ?

A

They show detailed 2D images of many structures inside the body.
They are used to detect and diagnose conditions including damage to bones, injuries to internal organs and problems with blood flow.
It does not show the brain functioning live.

41
Q

PET scan ? and its use

A

P-Positron
E-Emission
T- Tomography
uses radioactive tracer to show which parts of the brain are functioning.
More active parts of the brain are shown in the colours red and orange wheras green shows less activity.
They are useful for stydying disorders like alzhemiers.

42
Q

What does the nervous system do ?

A

It enables humans to react to their suroundings and to co-ordinate their behaviour.

43
Q

What is a stimulus ?

A

A stimulus is any change in the surrounding. These are detected by receptors.

44
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of ?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

45
Q

Put these words in the correct order.
stimulus-response-effector-receptor-coordinator.

A

Stimululs- receptor- -coordinator-effector-response.

46
Q

The three main types of neurones are ?

A

The three main types of neurones are ?

47
Q

Neurones are not joined together. They have a small gap between them called a…………………….?

A

Synapse

48
Q

What happens when an impulses reaches the end of a neurone ?

A

A chemical neurotransmitter is released accross the gap.

49
Q

Dendron ?

A

Carries electrical impulses from receptor towards cell body.

50
Q

Dendrite ?

A

Branched ends which recieve electrical impulses.

51
Q

Axon ?

A

Carries electrical impulses away from the cell body.

52
Q

Myelin sheath ?

A

Layer of fatty insulating material around motor and sensory neurones which speeds up transmission of the impulse.

53
Q

What is the reflex arc and where is it formed ?

A

Refelx arc : The nerve pathway involoved in the reflex action.
Sensory neurones carry signals from the receptor organs to the spinal cord where the arc is formed.

54
Q

Cornea ?

A

Transparent layer at the front of the eye. It refracts light into the eye.

55
Q

Iris ?

A

The coloured part of the eye that contains muscles that control the amount of light entering the eye.

56
Q

Pupil ?

A

The hole in the middle of the iris that lets light in. Its diameter is controlled by the iris.

57
Q

Lens ?

A

A transparent biconvex structure in the eye that refracts light onto the retina.

58
Q

Retina ?

A

Thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells called rod and cones for light and colour.

59
Q

Sclera ?

A

Tough white supporting wall of the eye.

60
Q

Cillary muscles ?

A

Muscles that are connected to the lens by the suspensory ligaments- they change the shape of the lens.

61
Q

Suspensory ligaments ?

A

They connect the lens to the cillary muscles

62
Q

Optic nerve ?

A

Carries impulses from the Retina to the brain.

63
Q

What is accomadation in the eye ?

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.

64
Q

How does the eye focus on distant objects ?

A

-The cillary muscles relax
-The suspeonsary ligaments are pulled tight
-The lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays.

65
Q

How does the eye focus on near objects ?

A

-The cillary muslces contract
-The suspensary ligaments losen
- The lens is thicker and refracts light rays strongly.

66
Q

Two common defects of the eye are ?

A

Myopia and Hyperopia

67
Q

What is Myopia ? and how is it corrected ?

A

Myopia is short sightedness. These people can not focus on objects that are far away.
This usually occurs when the eyeball is too long.
Myopia can be corrected with concave lenses so that the light rays focus on the retina.

68
Q

What is Hyperopia ? and how is it corrected ?

A

Long sightedness - people that can not focus on objects that are near
- This occurs when the eyeball is too short
- can be corrected with convex lenses so that the light rays focus on the retina.

Gcse Biology Edexcel (3 decks)

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