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Biology Praxis > Cells and Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cells and Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Bacteria & Archea
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane-bound organelles
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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Eukarya
- Plants
- Animals
- Fungi
- Protists

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3
Q

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells both have:

A
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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4
Q

3 Stages of Interphase

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 Phase
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5
Q

What is happening in Interphase?

A
  • Growth
  • DNA replication
  • Cell function
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6
Q

Mitosis creates…

A

2 identical daughter cells
46 chromosomes each
92 Chromatids
Produces body cells

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7
Q

Prophase - Mitosis

A

Chromosomes are condensing

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8
Q

Prometaphase - Mitosis

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

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9
Q

Metaphase - Mitosis

A

“Middle”
Chromosomes line up in the middle

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10
Q

Anaphase - Mitosis

A

“Away”
Chromosomes are being pulled away to opposite poles

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11
Q

Telophase - Mitosis

A

“Two”
Chromosomes are at the opposite ends and are being surrounded by new nuclei

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12
Q

PMAT

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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13
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Final separation of cytoplasm into two cells

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14
Q

Meiosis creates…

A

Sex Cells (gametes)
23

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15
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1
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16
Q

Prophase 1

A

Line up with homologous pairs (contain the same gene - eye color for mom and dad)

Crossing over happens

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17
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle

18
Q

Prophase II

A

No homologous pairs or crossing over

19
Q

Metaphase II

A

Line up in a straight line - no longer in pairs

20
Q

Anaphase II

A

Only chromatids are pulled away

21
Q

Telophase II

A

2 cells divide into 4
23 chromosomes each
23 chromatids each

22
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When chromosomes do not separate correctly and cells receive too few or too many chromosomes

23
Q

Spindles attach at the…

A

Centromere

23
Q

After PMAT1 you have…

A

2 Daughter Cells
23 Chromosomes
46 Chromatids

23
Q

After PMAT2 you have…

A

4 Daughter Cells
23 Chromosomes
23 Chromatids

24
Q

Two things typically present in a bacterial cell but not in a virus?

A

DNA & Ribosomes

25
Q

Haploid Cells

A

1 set of chromosomes
Meiosis
Sex cells

26
Q

Diploid Cells

A

2 sets of chromosomes
Mitosis
Non-sex cells

27
Q

Where does binary fission occur?

A

Asexual reproduction in Prokaryotes, Bacteria and single-celled Eukaryotes

28
Q

At a typical DNA replication fork, the parental strands are separated from each other by…

A

Helicase Enzyme

29
Q

What features of meiosis contribute to genetic variation in a species?

A

crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization create genetic diversity

30
Q

Nucleosome

A

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins

31
Q

What is the function of nucleosomes?

A

They help supercoil DNA - nucleosomes are a unit of chromatin wrapped around 8 histone proteins

32
Q

3 tenets of Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. New cells come from existing cells (during mitosis)
33
Q

What happens is the G1stage of interphase?

A

Growth and replication of organelles

34
Q

What happens in the S stage of interphase?

A

The cell makes a complete copy of the DNA

35
Q

What happens in the G2 stage of interphase?

A

Growth and preparation for mitosis

36
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Pushes the body to change away from a starting point

37
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Brings the body back to the starting point (temperature regulation)

38
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Brings the body back to the starting point (temperature regulation)

Biology Praxis (8 decks)

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