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B2 > Cells and Cell Processes > Flashcards

Cells and Cell Processes Flashcards

1
Q 
DNA structure
(Double Helix)
A 
Sides = twisting strands of sugar phosphate backbone
Rungs = base pairs
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2
Q

DNA function

A

To create information used by cell for protein synthesis (process where cells make what they need)

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3
Q

4 bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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4
Q

Complimentary pairs

A

A + T

G + C

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5
Q

Proteins are made from what?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

Scientists that led to discovery of structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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7
Q

When enzyme and substrate join, chemical reactions take place where?

A

Active site

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8
Q

When substrate binds to enzyme’s active site?

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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9
Q

At low temperatures enzyme activity is slow. Why?

A

Kinetic energy.

Particles move more slowly so less collisions

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10
Q

What happens when enzyme gets too hot?

A

It denatures.

This is when bonds inside the enzyme begin to break so the active site changes

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11
Q

What temperature does enzyme work fastest?

A

Optimum temperature

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12
Q

3 main types of digestive enzymes and what they break down:

A
  • Lipases = break down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol
  • Carbohydrases = break down carbohydrates (e.g. starch) into simple sugars
  • Proteases = break down proteins into amino acids
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13
Q

Cell division that leads to growth and repair (create genetically identical copies)

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

Cell division that leads to the formation of sex cells (gametes)

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

What happens when a cell reproduces by mitosis?

A

Splits to create 2 identical cells

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16
Q

What happens when a cell reproduces by meiosis?

A

Splits in half to form new cells with half the number of chromosomes to produce gametes for sexual reproduction
When two gametes join in fertilisation, the number of sets of chromosomes is restored

17
Q

Definition of a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell with the ability to divide into a differentiated cell

18
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A
  • bone marrow
  • umbilical cords
  • unborn embryos
  • meristem in plants
19
Q

E.g. of differentiated cell

A

Nerve cell

20
Q

Function of leaf cell and how it’s structure allows them to carry this out

A

To absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Cell is adapted to be filled with chloroplasts. Cells are tightly packed together to create layer that efficiently absorbs sunlight

21
Q

Structure of animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

22
Q

Structure of plant cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
23
Q

Structure of bacterial cell

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall

24
Q

Structure of yeast cell

A 
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cell wall
Vacuole
25
Q

Structure of algal cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
26
Q

Structure of virus cell

A 
Protein coat
Nucleic acid (just a few genes)
27
Q

How do yeast cells reproduce?

A

Divide by Budding

28
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Inside a host cell

29
Q

Microbe largest in size?

A

Yeast

30
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Dividing in 2

31
Q

2 ways in which microbes are useful for humans

A
  • Yeast can be used to make bread

- Bacteria can form from spores in high or low temperatures

32
Q

One way microbes are dangerous to humans

A

Viruses reproduce within a living cell so they can kill cells

33
Q

Name given to a group of genetically identical organisms

A

Clones

34
Q

How enzymes work and give an example (QWC)

A
  • Work by lock and key method
    -Enzyme joins to substrate and turns substrate into new substrate
    -Temperature too hot = enzyme denatures and won’t work
    -Temperature too cold = reaction too slow, no collisions, no reactions because no kinetic energy
    -Examples:
    ·Protease + proteins = amino acids
    ·Lipase + fat = fatty acids + glycerol
    ·Amylase + starch = glucose

B2 (6 decks)

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