Cells and basic tissue Flashcards
Histolgy
The study of the structure and function of cells and associated tissue
Cell membrane
Gate keeper
Cytoplasm
- semifluid part
- Skeletal system
Nucleus
- Stores the cell’s genetic code
- command center
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
- energy source
Ribosomes
Protein factories
Endoplasmic reticulum
Highway system, network of membranes and spaces
Golgi Complex
Distribution center
- Stack of sacs that package and disturbs proteins out of the cell
Lysosomes
Produced by the Golgi complex
digest foreign substances by phagocytosis
Lyse= destroy
Cytoskeleton
3D system of support for the cell
mitosis
Cell division that occurs in phases and results in two daughter cells
- Somatic cells = body cells
Meiosis
Cell division in gamete cells (reproductive)
Produces only one round to DNA replication, ensuring the correct number of chromosomes
Tissue
A group of similar cells
4 types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
Epithelial tissue
covers and lines both the external and internal body surfaces
protective covering
Avascular
Capable of rapid cellular turnover
Simple epithelial
one layer or psudostratified
Stratified epithelial
More than one layer
Basement membrane
A thin, acellular structure always located between the epithelial tissue and connective tissue
2 layers
- Basal lamina (superficial layer)
- Reticular layer (deeper layer with collagen and reticular fibers)
Rete Pegs
Inwards projections of epithelial into connective tissue
- increases surface area–> strengthens connections
- Causes stippling due to the this
Connective tissue
Fills the spaces between the tissues and organs
Connective tissue is involves in
- protection
- Support
- Insulation
- Stores nutrients
- Transportation
- Attachment
- Repair
- Protect and defend
- Packing
Connective tissue includes
Loose connective tissue
Bone marrow
Alveolar bone
Dental tissues- besides cementum
Most common type of cell in connective tissue… in all types
Fibroblasts
–> synthesize/build protein fibers and intercellular substances: needed to sustain connective tissue
Other cells in connective tissue
Migrated white blood cells ( Monocytes/ Macrophages), Basophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils
Protein fibers in connective tissue
- Collagen
- Elastic, allows tissue to stretch
- reticular
Types of connective tissue
Dense, loose
Connective tissue repair process
Clot–> Inflammatory response triggers WBC–> Fibroblasts migrate to produce immature connective tissue( granulation tissue),
which may interfere with the repair process, Corticosteroids can also interfere
Connective tissue repair process
Clot–> Inflammatory response triggers WBC–> Fibroblasts migrate to produce immature connective tissue( granulation tissue),
- which may interfere with the repair process, Corticosteroids can also interfere
Cartilage
Firm but flexible, non mineralized connective tissue
- present at articular surfaces of most freely movable joints
-Avascular, longer repair time
3 Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Most common type, no nerves or blood vessels, which allows for growth
Elastic Cartilage
Found in external ear, auditory tube, Epiglottis, Parts of the larynx
Fibrocartilage
Never found alone
Bone
hard rigid connective tissue
Vascularized- fast repair time
Protective and structural support for soft tissue
Manufactured blood cells
Stores calcium and other minerals
surrounds the root of a tooth, creating alveolar bone proper
Development of bone
Ossification
- primary bone: first bone, temporary tissue
- Secondary bone- More organized arrangement of fibers
Blood
Fluid connective tissue
- transport for medium cellular nutrients
Plasma
Fluid substance in blood vessels that carry proteins, blood cells, and metabolites
RBC
Most common cell in the blood
- binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Platelets/ thrombocytes
Fragments of bone marrow cells
- Function in clotting
WBC
defense mechanisms, including inflammatory and immune responses
WBC characteristics
Have a nucleus
Migrate from blood into the tissue
5 types
Neutrophil/ polymorphonuclear (PNM) leukocyte
Most common WBC
- first to appear at the site of injury when inflammatory response in triggered
Lymphocyte
B cell - mature on bone
T- cell - mature on thymus
Natural kill cell- first line of defense in cysts and tumors
Monocyte
Longer lifespan than PMN
- Arrive at the injury later and fewer numbers
Eosinophils
Increased during allergic response, kill parasites
Basophils
less than 1%
How is muscle classified
Structure, function, and intervention
3 types of muscle
- Skeletal- voluntary ( somatic intervention) ex, facial expression, tongue, pharynx, upper esophagus, muscles of mastication
- Smooth- involuntary
- Cardiac- involuntary
Nerve tissue functions
- carry messages or impulses based on electrical potentials
- causes cardiac muscle to contract
- Stimulates glands to recreate hormones
- Allows for the perception of senses.
affrent nerves
carry information to the brain
Sensory
Efferent nerves
Motor
caries information from the brain
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Spinal and cranial nerves
Somatic nervous system
conscious control - voluntary
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic- fight or flight, inhibits gland recreation
Parasympathetic- rest or digest, increases salivary function
