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Histology and embryology > Cells and basic tissue > Flashcards

Cells and basic tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Histolgy

A

The study of the structure and function of cells and associated tissue

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Gate keeper

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • semifluid part
  • Skeletal system
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4
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Stores the cell’s genetic code
  • command center
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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell
- energy source

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein factories

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Highway system, network of membranes and spaces

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8
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Distribution center
- Stack of sacs that package and disturbs proteins out of the cell

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Produced by the Golgi complex
digest foreign substances by phagocytosis

Lyse= destroy

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

3D system of support for the cell

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11
Q

mitosis

A

Cell division that occurs in phases and results in two daughter cells

  • Somatic cells = body cells
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12
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division in gamete cells (reproductive)

Produces only one round to DNA replication, ensuring the correct number of chromosomes

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13
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells

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14
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

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15
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers and lines both the external and internal body surfaces

protective covering

Avascular

Capable of rapid cellular turnover

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16
Q

Simple epithelial

A

one layer or psudostratified

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17
Q

Stratified epithelial

A

More than one layer

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18
Q

Basement membrane

A

A thin, acellular structure always located between the epithelial tissue and connective tissue

2 layers
- Basal lamina (superficial layer)
- Reticular layer (deeper layer with collagen and reticular fibers)

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19
Q

Rete Pegs

A

Inwards projections of epithelial into connective tissue
- increases surface area–> strengthens connections

  • Causes stippling due to the this
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20
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fills the spaces between the tissues and organs

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21
Q

Connective tissue is involves in

A
  • protection
  • Support
  • Insulation
  • Stores nutrients
  • Transportation
  • Attachment
  • Repair
  • Protect and defend
  • Packing
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22
Q

Connective tissue includes

A

Loose connective tissue
Bone marrow
Alveolar bone
Dental tissues- besides cementum

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23
Q

Most common type of cell in connective tissue… in all types

A

Fibroblasts
–> synthesize/build protein fibers and intercellular substances: needed to sustain connective tissue

24
Q

Other cells in connective tissue

A

Migrated white blood cells ( Monocytes/ Macrophages), Basophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils

25
Q

Protein fibers in connective tissue

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastic, allows tissue to stretch
  • reticular
26
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Dense, loose

27
Q

Connective tissue repair process

A

Clot–> Inflammatory response triggers WBC–> Fibroblasts migrate to produce immature connective tissue( granulation tissue),

which may interfere with the repair process, Corticosteroids can also interfere

27
Q

Connective tissue repair process

A

Clot–> Inflammatory response triggers WBC–> Fibroblasts migrate to produce immature connective tissue( granulation tissue),
- which may interfere with the repair process, Corticosteroids can also interfere

28
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm but flexible, non mineralized connective tissue
- present at articular surfaces of most freely movable joints

-Avascular, longer repair time

29
Q

3 Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

30
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common type, no nerves or blood vessels, which allows for growth

31
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Found in external ear, auditory tube, Epiglottis, Parts of the larynx

32
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Never found alone

33
Q

Bone

A

hard rigid connective tissue
Vascularized- fast repair time
Protective and structural support for soft tissue
Manufactured blood cells
Stores calcium and other minerals
surrounds the root of a tooth, creating alveolar bone proper

34
Q

Development of bone

A

Ossification
- primary bone: first bone, temporary tissue
- Secondary bone- More organized arrangement of fibers

35
Q

Blood

A

Fluid connective tissue
- transport for medium cellular nutrients

36
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid substance in blood vessels that carry proteins, blood cells, and metabolites

37
Q

RBC

A

Most common cell in the blood
- binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

38
Q

Platelets/ thrombocytes

A

Fragments of bone marrow cells
- Function in clotting

39
Q

WBC

A

defense mechanisms, including inflammatory and immune responses

40
Q

WBC characteristics

A

Have a nucleus
Migrate from blood into the tissue
5 types

41
Q

Neutrophil/ polymorphonuclear (PNM) leukocyte

A

Most common WBC
- first to appear at the site of injury when inflammatory response in triggered

42
Q

Lymphocyte

A

B cell - mature on bone
T- cell - mature on thymus
Natural kill cell- first line of defense in cysts and tumors

43
Q

Monocyte

A

Longer lifespan than PMN
- Arrive at the injury later and fewer numbers

44
Q

Eosinophils

A

Increased during allergic response, kill parasites

45
Q

Basophils

A

less than 1%

46
Q

How is muscle classified

A

Structure, function, and intervention

47
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  • Skeletal- voluntary ( somatic intervention) ex, facial expression, tongue, pharynx, upper esophagus, muscles of mastication
  • Smooth- involuntary
  • Cardiac- involuntary
48
Q

Nerve tissue functions

A
  • carry messages or impulses based on electrical potentials
  • causes cardiac muscle to contract
  • Stimulates glands to recreate hormones
  • Allows for the perception of senses.
49
Q

affrent nerves

A

carry information to the brain
Sensory

50
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Motor
caries information from the brain

51
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

52
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Spinal and cranial nerves

53
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

conscious control - voluntary

54
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight, inhibits gland recreation

Parasympathetic- rest or digest, increases salivary function

Histology and embryology (1 decks)

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