Cells, anatomy, physiology Flashcards
What is a cell?
-Basic unit of all living things
-The body begins as one cell and develops into trillions
-A cell is a minute portion of a living substance containing protoplasm
Protoplasm and what it contains
Living matter surrounded by a membrane containing a nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles or parts of the cell having special functions
Cell membrane
Encloses the protoplasm and holds the cell together
Nucleus
Dense population found in the center(important for cell reproduction)
Cytoplasm
Holds organelles and contains food
Centrosome
Helps maintain characteristics of original cell
Mitosis
When cells reach maturity it reproduces. Process where series of changes occur in nucleus before entire cell divides in half
How often does body replace cells
Everyday 3 1/2 billions
Entire organs being replaced every 6-9 months
Bones every 7 years
Metabolism
Complex chemical process in which cells are nourished and supplied with energy needed to carry on
Anabolism
Builds up cellular tissues. Cells absorb water, food, oxygen for growth, reproduction and repair
Catabolism
Breaks down cellular tissue. Cells consume what they have absorbed to perform specialed functions such as muscular effort, secretion, digestion
Tissues
Specialized groups of cells of like kind
Each type has specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance
Connective tissue, muscular tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, liquid tissue
Connective tissue
Supports, protects, binds together other tissues of the body. Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fat, tissue etc
Muscular tissue
Contracts and allows movement in various parts of body
Nerve tissue
Transmits messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions
Epithelial tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces includes skin, mucous membranes, lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs and glands
Liquid tissue
Carries food, waste products, hormones includes blood and lymph
Organs
Structures consisting of two or more different tissues, which are combined to accomplish specific function
Brain(controls nervous system)
Heart(Circulates the blood)
Lungs(Supply oxygen to blood)
Liver(Removes toxic products of digestion)
Kidney(Excrete excess water and waste production)
Stomach and intestine(Process food)
Skin(Covers and protects body) both tissue and organ
System
Groups of organs that cooperate for a common purpose
Integumentary system(skin)
Skeletal system(Bone)
Muscular system(Muscles)
Nervous system(Nerves)
Circulatory system(Blood, lymph supply)
Endocrine system(ductless glands)
Excretory system(organs of elimination)
Respiratory system(lungs)
Digestive system(stomach and intestines)
Reproductive system(reproducing)
Integumentary system
Made up of skin. Also accessories such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails
2 layers epidermis and dermis
functions as protective covering
contains sensory receptors
plays major role in body’s heat regulation
Skeletal system
Physical foundation/framework of body
Serves protection, support and locomotion(movement)
Consists of bones, cartilage and ligaments
Besides teeth, bone is hardest
Composed of fibrous tissue bound together 1/3 organic matter 2/3 mineral matter
206 bones
Scientific study of bones is osteology
Muscular system
Covers, shapes, supports skeleton
Produces movements of body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular
Closely interrelated
Each unit is designed to perform a specific function
Bone functions
Gives strength shape to body
Protects organs from injury
Serve as attachment for muscles
Act as levers for all body movements
Bones of skull
Oval bony case, Shapes head protects brain. Divided into two parts. 8 bones of cranium 14 facial bones. Involved with scalp and facial manipulations
Occipital, two parietal, frontal, two temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, two nasal, two lacrimal, two zygomatic, two maxillae, mandible, two turbinal, vomer, two palatine
Occipital
Forms lower back of cranium
Two parietal
Bones form sides and top(crown) of cranium
Frontal?
Forms forehead
Two temporal
Forms side of head in ear region below parietal
Ethmoid
Light spongy bone between eyesockets and forms part of nasal cavities
Shpeniod
Joins all the bones of cranium together
Two nasal
Forms nose bridge
Two lacrimal
Small fragile bones located inner wall of the eyesocket
Two zygomatic/malar
Forms prominence of cheeks
Two maxillae
Upper jawbones forms whole upper jaw
Mandible
Lower jawbone, largest strongest face bone
Two turbinal
Thin layers of spongy bone situated together on either outer wall of nasal depression
Vomer
Single bone forms part of dividing wall of nose
Two palatine
Form floor and outer wall of nose, roof of mouth, floor of orbits
Bone of neck
Hyoid-U shaped bone, located in front part of throat commonly called adams apple
Cervical vertebrae-forms top part of the spinal column located in region of neck
Bones of chest
Thorax- Bony, cage made up of breast bone, spine, ribs, connective cartilages
Serves as protective covering for heart, lungs and other delicate internal organs
Held in place by 24 ribs 12 on each side
Bones of shoulder, arm, hand
Shoulder-One clavicle, one scapula form back of shoulder
Humerus-largest bone of upper arm
Ulna-Large bone on little finger side of forearm
Radius-Small bone on thumb side of forearm
Wrist/carpus-Flexible joint composed of 8 small, irregular bones held by ligament
2 regions of hand
Palm/metacarpus-consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones
Fingers/digits-Consists of 3 phalanges in each finger and 2 in thumb, 14 total
Muscular system
Cover, shapes, support skeleton
Functions to produce all movements of body
Relies on skeletal/nervous system for control
Myology
Study of structure function diseases
Muscles
Contractile fibrous tissues upon which various movements of body depend on action
More then 500 muscles, big and small 40-50% of weight
3 kinds of muscle tissue
Striated, striped, voluntary
Non-striated, smooth involuntary
Cardiac or heart muscles
Striated, striped or voluntary
Controlled by will such as face, arms and legs
Nonstriated, smooth or involuntary
Function automatically like stomach, intestines
Cardiac or heart muscles
Heart muscles
How do muscles work
When muscles contract and shorten, one attachment usually remains fixed and the others move.
Origin of muscle
Term applied to the more fixed attachment such as muscles attached to bone. Muscles attached to bone referred to as skeletal muscles
Insertion of muscle
Applied to more moveable attachment such as muscles attached to movable muscle/bone or skin
How can muscles be stimulated
Chemicals-Certain acids or salts
Massage-Hand massage/machines like vibrators
Electric current-High frequency
Dry heat- Heat lamps, heating masks
Moist heat-Steamers, moderately warm steam towels
Muscles affect by massage
Esthetician concerned with muscles of head, face, neck, arms and hands
Essential to know where they are located and what they control
Direction of pressure in massage usually performed from insertion to origin
Muscles of the scalp
Epicranius(Occitpito-frontalis) broad muscle that covers top of skull
Divided into two parts
Occipitalis(back part)
Frontalis(front part)-raises eyebrows, draws scalp forwards, causes wrinkles
Occipitalis+frontalis connected by tendon called aponeurosis
Muscles of the eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi-completely surrounds the margin of eyesocket and closes the eyelid
Corrugator-Muscle is beneath frontalis and orbicularis oculi and draws the eyebrows down and in produces vertical lines+causes frowning
Muscles of the nose
Procerus-covers top part of nose, depresses eyebrows causes wrinkles across nose bridge
Other nasal muscles are small muscles around nasal opening which contract+expand opening of nostrils
Muscles of the mouth
Quandratous labii superioris
Quadratus labii inferioris
Buccinator
Caninus
Mentalis
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Zygomaticus
Traingualrois
Quandratous labii superioris
Consists of three parts. Surrounds upper part of lip, raises and draws back the upper lip, elevates nostrils like distaste
Quadratus labii inferioris
Surrounds lower part of lip, depresses lower lip, draws it a little to one side like sarcasm
Buccinator
Muscle between upper and lower jaw compresses the cheeks and expels air between lips like blowing
Caninus
Lies under quadratus labii superioris raises angle of mouth like snarling
Mentalis
Situated at tip of chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip causing wrinkling on chin like doubt or displeasure
Orbilcualris oris
Forms flat band around upper and lower lips. Compresses, contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips. Kissing
Risorius
Extends from masseter muscle to the angle of mouth. Draws the corner of mouth out and back like grinning
Zygomaticus
Extends from zygomatic bone to angle of the mouth. Elevates the lip like laughing
Triangularis
Extends along side of chin, draws down the corner of the mouth
Muscles of the ear
Auricularis superior is above ear
Auricularis posterior behind ear
Auricularis anterior is in front of ear
Muscle of mastication
The masseter and temporalis muscles that coordinate in opening and closing the mouth as referred to as chewing muscles
Muscles of the neck
Platysma is a broad muscle that extends from chest and shoulder muscle to side of chin and depresses the lower jaw and lips like sadness
Sterno cledio mastoid extends from collar and chest bones to temporal bone in back of ear. Rotates the head and bends head like nodding
Muscles that attach arm to body
-Trapezius
-Lattissimus dorsi back of neck upper and middle of back, rotate shoulder blades and control swinging movements of arm
-Pectoralis major and minor covers front of chest(assist in swinging movements of arm)
-Serratus anterior assists in breathing, raising arm
Muscles of the shoulder, arm and hand
Shoulder and upper arm
-deltoid
-biceps
-triceps
Forearm muscles and strong tendons
-pronators
-supinators
-flexors
-extensors
Deltoid
Large thick triangular shaped muscles that cover the shoulder, lifts and turns the arm
Biceps
2 headed and principal muscle on front of upper arm
Lifts the forearms, flexed the elbow turns the palm downward
Tricep
3 headed muscle of arm. Covers entire back of upper arm and extends forward
Pronators
Most important of group
Turn hands inward so palm is downward
Supinators
Turn hand outward
palm upward
flexors
Bend wrist, draw hand up, close fingers toward forearm
Extensors
Straighten wrist, hand fingers to form straight line
Neurology
Branch of anatomy that deals with nervous system and its disorder
Nervous system
Controls and coordinates functions of all other systems
Every square inch of body supplied with fine fibres known as nerves
Principal part of nervous system are brain and spinal cord, network of nerves
3 main parts of nervous system
Cerebro spinal or central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system which includes sympathetic and parasympathetic system
Cerebro-Spinal nervous system
Consists of brain and spinal cord
1. Controls consciousness and mental activities
2.Controls voluntary functions of all five senses
3.Controls voluntary muscle action, body movements, facial expressions
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory and motor nerve fibers that extend from brain and spinal cord
-distributed to all parts of body
-function is to carry messages to and from nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Portion of nervous system system functions without conscious effort and regulates activity of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart
Has two divisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic system
sympathetic and parasympathetic system
Both act in direct oppostion to regulate heart rate blood pressure, breathing rate, body temp, to aid in maintenace of homeostasis(balance)
Sympathetic
Activated during stressful, energy demanding emergency systems
Parasympathetic
Most active in ordinary restful situations
Neuron-nerve cell
Primary structural unit
composed of cell body long and short and stores energy and food for cell processes
convey the nerve impulses through body
practically all nerve cells contained in brain and spinal cord
What do nerves look like? What do they do?
-Long white cords made up of fibres
carry messages to and from body
-Origin in brain and spinal cord and distribute to body which furnish impulses for sensation and motion
How are nerves nourished?
Through blood vessels, lymph spaces and lymphatics found in connective tissue surrounding them
Motor of efferent nerves
Brain to muscles, produce movement
Receptors located near surface of skin
As impulses pass through a complete circuit is established and movement of muscle results
Sensory of afferent nerves
Carry impulses or messages from sense organs to brain. Where touch, cold, heat sight hearing taste smell pain experienced
Reflex
Automatic response to stimulus that involves movement of. impulse from sensory receptor along afferent nerve to spinal cord and responsive impulse along efferent neuron to muscle causing reaction ex. Hand removed from hot object and it doesnt have to be learned
The brain
Largest mass of nerve tissues in body
Where is the brain contained?
Cranium
Average weight of brain
44-48 ounces
What is the central power station of body
The brain, sends and receives messages
How many pairs of cranial nerves originate in the brain and where do they reach
12 and in the head, face and neck
What does spinal cord consist of
Masses of nerve cells with fibers running upward and downward
Where does spinal cord originate from
In the brain and extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is enclosed and protected by the spinal column
How many pairs of spinal nerves
thirty one pairs extending from the spinal cord are distributed to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs
What do some of the spinal nerves serve
the internal organs controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
Nerve fatigue
Can be caused by excessive mental or muscular work resulting in an accumulation of waste products
Signs of nerve fatiuge
Weariness, irritability, poor complexion and dull eyes
What does nerve energy need
Exercise, proper intake of food, and oxygen, rest and relaxation
What can help relieve nerve fatigue
Appropriate massage manipulations. The esthetician should pause over nerve centers
What causes muscles to contract or expand
Stimulation to the nerves
Heat causes relaxation
Cold causes contraction
