Cells Flashcards
Cell organelles (parts of the cell)
Selectively permeable allows solutes to move between the cell and the external environemt
Nucleus
- Large organelle in a cell; contains DNA
- Manages cell functions
Nucleolus
Structure within a cells nucleus; involved in protein synthesis
Nuclear membrane
Membrane that separates the nucleus of a cell from the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
- Surrounds the organelles
- Contains nutrients
Ribosomes
Makes protein
Endoplasmic reticulum
Intercellular highway (a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER
- Moves protein within the cell
- Covered with ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- Moves lipid (fats) around the cell
Golgi apparatus
Receives proteins from the RER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell
Mitochondria
- Converts energy food (sugars) into usable energy for work. (ATP)
- Cellular respiration
Lysosomes
Breaks down food particles
Cilia and Flagella
- Cell movement
- Cilia: short extrusions from cell surface
- Flagella: long extrusions from cell surface
Vacuoles
Storage of wastes, nutrients and water
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis (light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose)
Cell membrane
- Separate cell form its environment allowing the regulation of the internal environment
- Boundary
Functions of cell membranes
- Acts as physical barrier
- Regulates the passage of materials
- Sensitive to changes
- Supports the cell
Semi-permeable membrane
Allows some materials in
Crossing the cell membrane
Fats and oils pass directly through
Cell membrane channels
- Protein channels allow substances in and out
- Specific channels allow specific material in and out
Passive transport and Active transport
Passive transport: do not use energy
Active transport : use cells energy (ATP)
Simple diffusion (passive transport)
Move from high to low
Facilitated transport (passive transport)
Move from high to low through a channel
Vesicular transport
Active process in which materials are moved in membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Exocytosis (vesicular transport)
Active movement of a substance out of a cell
Endocytosis (vesicular transport)
Active movement of a substance into a cell
Pinocytosis (endocytosis)
Cell drinking
Phagocytosis (endocytosis)
Cell eating
Carrier-mediated transport
Transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane by special carrier proteins
Tissues
Group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Epithelial tissue
Covers things: small intestine lining, salivary gland inner membrane
Connective tissue
- Hold things together and supports body
- Cartilage, blood cells and compact bones
Muscular tissue
- Responds to stimuli contracting and lengthening 3 types - Skeletal: voluntary, striated - Cardiac: involuntary, striated - Involuntary: smooth, non-striated
Nervous tissue
- Nerve cells called neurons
- Very long
- Brain, spinal cords and nerves
Enzymes
Catabolic (break down)
Factors that affect enzymes
- The higher the rate of concentration of enzyme, the faster the rate of the chemical reaction
- Increasing substrate concentration
- Temperature
- PH levels
- Enzyme inhibitors
Enzymes models
- Lock and key model
2. Induced fit model
Catabolism
- Destructive
- Release energy
Cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen > Water + Carbon dioxide
C3H12O6 + 6O2 > 6H2O + 6CO2
Anabolism
- Construct of complex substances from simpler ones
- Use energy
- Makes protein
ATP
- Adenosine Trisphosphate
- ATP > Adenosine diphosphate
- Storing energy in cells
Aerobic
Oxygen
Anaerobic
No oxygen
