Cells Flashcards
One of the major breakthrough in the field of Biology
The invention of the microscope
You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. What could be concluded with this information at hand?
The cells are plant cells
Which is NOT TRUE about Villi?
A) Modifications that allow the body to absorb more nutrients.
B) These are the brush-like structures used by the cells to absorb nutrients in the small intestines.
C) They increase surface area of the small intestine.
D) These are the folds in the small intestine.
These are the folds in the small intestine.
Which of the following structures in the cell is responsible for pulling the chromosomes towards the different poles?
A) Metaphase plate
B) Nucleolus
C) Cellulose
D) Centrioles
Centrioles
What would be the result if a cell containing 32 chromosomes undergoes mitotic division?
A) 2 daughter cells with 16 chromosomes each
B) 4 daughter cells with 16 chromosomes each
C) 2 daughter cells with 32 chromosomes each
D) 4 daughter cells with 32 chromosomes each
2 daughter cells with 32 chromosomes each
Which among the following cell modifications allow cells to communicate?
A) Desmosomes
B) Flagella
C) Pseudopods
D) Cilia
Desmosomes
Which among the following is NOT TRUE about teratogens?
A) Teratogens are substances that can cause harm to the growing fetus.
B) Teratogens are needed by the body to make sure that the cell cycle is happening accordingly.
C) They cause errors in the cell cycle.
D) Examples of teratogens are alcohol, viruses, medicines, and radiation.
Teratogens are needed by the body to make sure that the cell cycle is happening accordingly.
In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What would be the result of this?
A) Cells with more than one nucleus.
B) Cells lacking nuclei.
C) Cell cycles lacking an S phase.
D) Cells that are unusually small.
Cells with more than one nucleus.
Which of the following events in meiosis result to genetic variation?
A) a. Reduction
B) Crossing – over
C) Duplication
D) Cytokinesis
Crossing – over
Which among the following is not true about nondisjunction?
A) It is when chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase.
B) It is when cells divide uncontrollably.
C) It can result to monosomy or trisomy.
D) It happens when one of the sister chromatids fail to migrate to another pole.
It happens when one of the sister chromatids fail to migrate to another pole.
Which is NOT a feature of a prokaryotic cell?
A) Without true nucleus
B) Size ranges from 1-10 micrometer
C) Presence of membrane-bound organelles
D)Usually covered with capsule
??
Which of the following statements below does NOT show the difference between a plant and animal cell?
A) Originally, Chloroplast is present in plant cells and absent in animal cells.
B) Centrioles are present in animal cells and absent in plant cells.
C) Cell wall is present in plant cells and not in animal cells.
D) Vacuoles are larger in animal cells than in plant cells.
Vacuoles are larger in animal cells than in plant cells.
Which cell modification is present in the cells of the small intestine?
A) Pseudopods
B) Flagella
C) Cilia
D) Villi
Villi
Which of the following differentiates a normal cell from a cancer cell?
A) Cancer cells are unable to synthesize DNA.
B) b. Cancer cells have very short lifespan
C) c. Cancer cells are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle.
D) Cancer cells continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.
.
How may sperm cells will be produced if 10 primary spermatocytes having 46 chromosomes undergo spermatogenesis?
A) 40 sperm cells with 46 chromosomes each
B) 400 sperm cells with 46 chromosomes each
C) 40 sperm cells with 23 chromosomes each
D) 100 sperm cells with 23 chromosomes each
.
Which of the following statements below does NOT show the difference between a plant and animal cell?
A) Originally, Chloroplast is present in plant cells and absent in animal cells.
B) Centrioles are present in animal cells and absent in plant cells.
C) Cell wall is present in plant cells and not in animal cells.
D) Vacuoles are larger in animal cells than in plant cells.
??
It takes a cell 12 hours to complete one full division. If initially there were total of 5 cells left in a petri dish, how many cells will there be in total if you left it to divide for a week?
A. 5(228)
B. 12(214)
C. 14(228)
D. 5(214)
5 (214)
Which of the following statements about living cells is false?
A) Most are microscopic
B) They are found in all animals but not in all plants.
c) They are the smallest basic units that can carry out all of the functions that we normally define as life.
They are found in all animals but not in all plants.
All living things, including plants are made up of cells. However, comparatively simple things such as viruses do not have most of the components of cells nor are they technically living in the same sense as plants and animals.
Which of the following statements is true about the chromosomes of different plant and animal species?
A) They may differ in number, but are the same shape and size.
B) They may differ in the shape and size, but normally have the same number.
C) They may differ in number, shape, and size.
They may differ in number, shape, and size.
This fact provides a useful tool for biologists in distinguishing between species. For instance, humans have 46 chromosomes, while chimpanzees have 48. This number difference is one indication that we are not the same species.
Chromosomes are found in _____________________ of cells.
A) the nucleus
B) the cytoplasm
C) both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
the nucleus
However, keep in mind that the chromosomes only become visible when a cell begins to divide.
Which of the following statements is true about cells?
A) The nucleus is within the cell membrane which is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
B) The nucleus is within the nuclear membrane which is surrounded by the cytoplasm.
C) The cytoplasm is within the nuclear membrane
The nucleus is within the nuclear membrane which is surrounded by the cytoplasm.
The nuclear membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier. That is to say, it allows some important substances to cross over while keeping the contents of the nucleus from spilling out into the cytoplasm.
A karyotype is a:
A) general term for any type of chromosome
B) type of abnormal chromosome that is associated with Down’s syndrome
C) picture of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in a standardized way
picture of an individual’s chromosomes arranged in a standardized way
Karyotypes allow us to quickly see if an individual has any gross chromosomal abnormalities. For instance, this technique can be used to identify the genetically inherited condition known as Down`s syndrome.
The sex chromosomes of normal females are:
A) X and Y
B) Y and Y
C) X and X
D) none of the above
X and X
Females only have X sex chromosomes. Males, in contrast, inherit an X from their mother and a Y from their father. There are some individuals who have extra Xs and/or Ys, but these are rare combinations.
The genes on the sex chromosomes of females are ___________ and those of males are mostly ___________ .
A) homologous; homologous
B) homologous; hemizygous
C) hemizygous; hemizygous
homologous; hemizygous
The two X chromosomes in females carry the same genes. The X and Y chromosomes of males mostly do not. X chromosomes have many more genes for traits not related to sexuality which are expressed in the phenotypes of males even if they are recessive.
Autosomes:
A) are all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes
B) are normal sex chromosomes
C) automatically determine the sex of children
are all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes
The autosomes contain the genes that determine almost all of the non-gender inherited related traits. Most of our genetic inheritance comes from the genes in the autosomes.
Normal humans have __________ pairs of autosomes and ___________ pair(s) of sex chromosomes.
A) 23 and 23
B) 23 and 2
C) 46 and 1
D) 22 and 1
22 and 1
Humans normally inherit 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome from each parent. In total, we have 46 chromosomes in somatic cells–22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
All of the chromosomes in each normal human cell collectively have approximately __________ genes.
A) 10,000-15,000
B) 20,000-25,000
C) 242,000
D) 1,000,000
20,000-25,000
There has been some controversy in past years about the actual number of human genes. However, most researchers now agree that about 20,000-25,000 is a fairly good estimate.
A chromatid is:
A) one of the strands or arms of a chromosome
B) the point of attachment of two strands of a chromosome
C) a chromosome before it becomes visible during cell division
one of the strands or arms of a chromosome
When a chromosome becomes visible just before cell replication, it has two or more chromatids that come together at a centromere. At other times, chromosomes are long, thin, thread-like structures that appear as an essentially undifferentiated mass.
The development of masculine physical characteristics is most affected by the inheritance of:
A) an X chromosome
B) a karyotype
C) the SRY gene
D) none of the above
the SRY gene
The SRY (or sex determining region Y) gene is necessary for an XY individual to develop male physical characteristics. Without it, female traits develop instead.
What is the function of Coarse Adjustment Knob?
A) moves the stage to SHARPEN the image B) moves the stage up and down for FOCUSING C) hold the slide in place
moves the
stage up and down for FOCUSING
Which of the following is not true about Zaccharias Janssen and Hans Janssen?
A) father-son Dutch spectacle makers B) invented a single lens hand-held microscope with a magnification of 200x C) first ones to make a compound microscope
invented a single lens hand-held
microscope with a magnification of
200x
The father and son only invented a limited magnification of only 3x and 9x & had a low resolution
When did the first compound microscope was invented?
circa (1595)
“Micrographia” is the name of the published book of his microscopic observations.
A) Robert Hooke
B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
C) None of the above
Robert Hooke
He also referred to cork cells as “tiny
compartments” in a monastery and improved the microscope’s design into a three lensed microscope with a stage light
What role(s) does the cytoskeleton play in a living cell?
A) maintaining cell shape
B) movement
C) contraction
D) all of the above
all of the above
The cytoskeleton is responsible for all three: cell shape, movement and contraction.
What organelle serves as a primary “packaging” area for molecules that will be distributed throughout the cell?
A) mitochondrion
B) vacuole
C) cytoskeleton
D) Golgi
Golgi
The Golgi is a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules.
The endoplasmic reticulum is an extension of which of these membranes?
A) cell membrane
B) outer nuclear membrane
C) inner nuclear membrane
D) None of the above
outer nuclear membrane
This vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules with varied functions is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane
Which is SMALLEST of these four?
A) bacterium
B)red blood cell
C)virus
D)lymphocyte
Virus
Viruses are too small to be seen with a light microscope, requiring instead an electron microscope. Their size is measured in nanometers (one billionth of a meter).
What is the correct order of these mitotic stages?
A) prophase - metaphase - telophase - anaphase - cytokinesis
B) prophase - cytokinesis - metaphase - telophase - anaphase
C) anaphase - prophase - metaphase - telophase - cytokinesis
D)prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis
prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis
In what stage of mitosis do all chromosomes align in one plane?
A) anaphase
B) telophase
C) prophase
D) metaphase
metaphase
Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes at the center of the cell.
A cell in interphase is sometimes said to be resting. Why is this misleading?
A) Interphase cells are actively dividing
B) Interphase cells are synthesizing RNA and proteins, and growing in size
Interphase cells are synthesizing RNA and proteins, and growing in size
Cells may appear inactive during interphase, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced.
Name the membrane valves that open and close for potassium efflux and sodium influx.
A) ion channels
B) vacuoles
C) capillaries
D) cytokines
ion channels
These valves control the flow of ions across the membrane.
What is another name for programmed cell death?
A) necrosis
B) oxidative burst
C) diapedesis
D) apoptosis
apoptosis
Programmed cell death is characterized by violent membrane blebbing, called zeiosis, and fragmentation of DNA creating a vacuolar nucleus.
When a sodium channel opens and sodium rushes into a myocyte (heart cell), the cell membrane becomes…
A) polarized
B) depolarized
C) paralyzed]
D) polymerized
depolarized
Who was the scientist to first observe (and name) cells?
A) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
B) Matthias Schleiden
C) Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke
Who concluded that all plants are composed of cells?
A) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
B) Matthias Schleiden
C) Robert Hooke
Matthias Schleiden
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A) Eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane and cytoplasm, but prokaryotic cells do not.
B) Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do not.
C) Prokaryotic cells lack organelles, but eukaryotic cells possess organelles.
Prokaryotic cells lack organelles, but eukaryotic cells possess organelles.
What is the plasma membrane composed of?
A) a phospholipid bilayer
B) a phospholipid bilayer plus embedded proteins
C) a single layer of phospholipids plus embedded proteins
a phospholipid bilayer plus embedded proteins
Why is the membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic structure?
A) Any fluid can easily move through the membrane and cannot be regulated.
B) The components are able to move and are not held statically in place.
C) The membrane is often completely disrupted and flows freely, losing its function.
The components are able to move and are not held statically in place
Which of the following is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
A) energy production
B) processing and packaging of proteins and lipids
C) protein synthesis
processing and packaging of proteins and lipids
Which of the following is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A) energy production
B) processing and packaging of proteins and lipids
C)protein synthesis
protein synthesis
Which description best describes the function of the lysosome?
A) aids in digestion
B) regulates energy production
C) stores lipids
aids in digestion
What is considered the “powerhouse” of the cell?
A) mitochondrion
B) nucleus
C) ribosome
mitochondrion
Where in a plant would you NOT expect to find cells containing a high concentration of chloroplasts?
A) leaves
B) roots
C) stems
roots
Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotes?
A) DNA
B) Cell membrane
C) cell wall
D) endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?
a. cell wall c. lysosomes
b. cell membrane d. vacuole
Cell Wall
Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory?
a. The most basic component of any organism is the cell.
b. All cells originate from other cells.
c. All cells have a nucleus and a cell membrane.
d. All living things are made up of one or more cells
All cells have a nucleus and a cell membrane.
Which of the following is NOT found in plant cells?
a. lysosome c. cell membrane
b. ribosome d. chloroplast
lysosome
Which part of a cell manufactures proteins?
a. nucleolus c. cell membrane
b. ribosomes d. vacuole
ribosomes
You are made up of about 100 trillion cells; however, you began as
a. an organ. c. an organelle.
b. a glob of gooey cytoplasm. d. a single cell.
a single cell
When compared to a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell
a. has more types of organelles.
b. has DNA that is linear rather than circular.
c. stores its DNA in a nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm.
d. All of the above
,
____ are the basic units of living things.
a. Organisms c. Cells
b. Tissues d. Organs
Cells
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of cells?
a. Prokaryotic cells are the world’s smallest cells and probably were the first cells on Earth.
b. Eukaryotic cells have many membrane-covered organelles, allowing many different
chemical processes to occur at the same time.
c. All plants, animals, fungi, and protists are made up of eukaryotic cells.
d. All of the above
,
A ____ keep(s) the cytoplasm inside and allow nutrients in and waste products out.
a. cell membrane c. nucleus
b. chloroplast d. mitochondria
,
The smallest and most abundant organelle is the
a. ribosome. c. endoplasmic reticulum.
b. nucleus. d. vacuole.
,
Food molecules are broken down to release energy by the
a. ribosomes. c. mitochondria.
b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.
,
Most of the ATP produced by a cell is made in the
a. ribosomes. c. mitochondria.
b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.
,
The ____ is an organelle that is found only in plants and algae.
a. ribosome c. mitochondria
b. endoplasmic reticulum d. chloroplast
.
If an animal cell did not have lysosomes, it would NOT be able to
a. control the production of proteins.
b. make food using sunlight.
c. digest wastes and foreign matter.
d. All of the above
/
Most energy in eukaryotic cells is produced in the
a. mitochondria. c. nucleus.
b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.
mitochondria
Which of the following cell cycle descriptions is CORRECT?
A) Chromosomes are replicated during the G1 phase.
B) Interphase is when the cell spends most of its time performing its cell functions.
C) The S phase consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Interphase is when the cell spends most of its time performing its cell functions.
What would happen if the G2 phase didn’t function properly?
A) No cellular proteins could be made.
B) The DNA would not be replicated.
C) The spindle apparatus would not form.
The spindle apparatus would not form.
The purpose of mitosis is to produce:
A) four daughter cells, each with one set of chromosomes
B) two daughter cells, each with one set of chromosomes
C) two daughter cells, each with two sets of chromosomes
two daughter cells, each with two sets of chromosomes
Which description of mitosis is INCORRECT?
A) Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell during prophase.
B) In anaphase, the chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell.
C) Metaphase is the stage in which pairs of chromatids line up on the equatorial plate.
In anaphase, the chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell.
Which of the following statements about the nucleus is FALSE?
A) Chromosomes are composed of chromatin, a mixture of DNA and histone proteins.
B) It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) Molecules are not able to move into and out of the nucleus.
Molecules are not able to move into and out of the nucleus.
Meiosis does NOT include:
A) production of diploid cells
B) two cell division phases
C) gamete formation
production of diploid cells
What do mitosis and meiosis have in common?
A) They both include phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
B) They both involve crossing over.
C) They both produce haploid cells.
They both include phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Which description of meiosis is INCORRECT?
A) Centromeres divide and chromatids separate in anaphase II.
B) Crossing over occurs during prophase I.
C) Homologous line up together in metaphase II.
Homologous line up together in metaphase II.
During meiosis II:
A) each cell containing 46 chromatids yields two cells, each with 23 chromosomes
B) each cell containing 92 chromatids yields four cells, each with 46 chromosomes
C) each cell containing 92 chromatids yields two cells, each with 46 chromosomes
each cell containing 46 chromatids yields two cells, each with 23 chromosomes
